女生可以女汉子，为什么男生就不能“娘”呢？|163

You've probably heard it before: More than biology, family, friends and society influence impressions of what it means to be a boy or a girl, placing rigid gender expectations on children from a young age.

你也许曾听说过：相比于生理习性，家庭、朋友、社会对男孩或女孩应该是什么样的看法有更大的影响，给孩子从小就套上了森严的性别角色期待。

In recent years, a growing body of research has focused on health inequities that result from enforced gender norms in children.

近几年，越来越多的研究聚焦给孩子的强迫性别观导致的不平等现象。

2017年，《青少年健康期刊》发布的一项研究发现：

Whether a child is in Baltimore, Beijing or New Delhi, the onset of adolescence triggers a common set of rigidly enforced gender expectations associated with increased lifelong risks of mental and physical health problems.

不管孩子是来自巴尔的摩、北京还是新德里，进入青春期后，都会有一套共同的性别角色期待，这样的期待严格死板且强加在孩子身上。与之相伴的是渐增的持续终身的身心健康问题。

The study calls it the hegemonic myth: the perception that men are the dominant sex, strong and independent, while women need to be protected.

研究将认为男性处于主导地位，是强壮和独立，而女性则应该被保护的观点，视作是一种霸权主义的谬见。

在女性地位日益提高、平权运动轰轰烈烈的今天，虽然在不少地区，这样的观念已经发生了扭转，但性别观念的转变似乎并不平衡。

CNN早前曾刊登了文章《Why girls can be boyish but boys can't be girlish》，其中写道：

Today, there's not a single traditionally masculine thing a girl can do that would raise eyebrows.

如今，女生做男性化的事情并不令人惊讶。

超过一半的女生加入运动队。水果姐Katy Perry、黑寡妇斯嘉丽约翰逊都剪了干净利落的短发。《神奇女侠》成为史上最卖座的超级英雄电影之一。

Meanwhile, there's still not a single traditionally feminine thing a boy can do that wouldn't raise eyebrows. A boy who likes wearing jewelry or makeup, twirling in a tutu or caring for baby dolls is at best the subject of conversations conducted sotto voce. At worst: a bully's target.

但男生做一件女性化的事情仍然会让人十分吃惊。如果男生戴珠宝、化妆，穿着芭蕾舞裙转圈或玩洋娃娃，都会引来别人窃窃私语。最糟糕的情况则是受人欺凌。

Describe a boy with a phrase that includes the word "girl" in it, and you're likely to make his parents' spines quiver, including those of many of the feminist dads I know.

如果用含有“女孩子”的词组形容一个男孩子，这足以让他的父母打个冷颤，哪怕是我认识的支持女权主义的父亲也会如此。

Girls get to flip through books like "Strong is the New Pretty," but no publication is telling boys that typically feminine traits like caring for others or, yes, taking an interest in beauty (which is often tsked tsked in boys) is the new strong.

女生有机会一读《坚强是一种新的美丽》之类的书，但是没有一本书告诉男生，关照他人、对美的追求（男生往往对这点嗤之以鼻）等女性化的特征也是一种新的强大。

《人民日报》海外版谈“娘化”现象时，就讲到“过去对男性的角色认定，主要集中在孔武有力、阳刚之气上。但正如很多人所说，打扮并不是女性的特权，男性当然也可以。既然可以女扮男装，那为什么不能男扮女装，借鉴一些女性的生活方式呢？”

In her recent book "Women and Power: A Manifesto," Mary Beard encourages readers to scrutinize our notions of power, particularly those inhospitable to behaviors and experiences traditionally associated with women.

Mary Beard在其新书《女性和权利：一项宣言》中，鼓励读者审视我们对权力的观念，尤其是那些对传统上与女性有关的行为和经历不友好的读者。

"If women are not perceived to be fully within the structures of power, surely it is power that we need to redefine rather than women?" she writes.

她写道：“如果女性未被认为完全处于权力结构之内，那显然是权力而非女性亟待重新定义。”

Widening the perimeters of boyhood would be a great place to begin this work of redefining power. It should, as others have suggested, help inoculate boys against the stoicism and aggression some of them experience in their teenage years.

扩宽对男子气概的定义是重新定义权力的好起点。正如别人所建议的那样，这能帮助男生预防斯多葛主义和攻击，有部分男生在少年时期曾经历过这些。

Raewyn Connell, author of "Masculinities," said many teenage boys still feel as though they must avoid any signs of weakness or femininity.

《Masculinities》的作者Raewyn Connel认为，还有很多青少年觉得他们应该避免任何软弱或女性化的行为。

This, in turn, feeds homophobia, because gay men are associated with the parts of themselves that they feel they must suppress.

这滋生了恐同现象，因为同性恋往往具有这样的行为特征，而这些是青少年觉得必须抑制的。

"With teenage boys, the search for respect and recognition often results in exaggerated displays of dominating masculinity: the football hero, the first guy in the peer group who smokes, the playground bully, etc.," Connell said. This is often accompanied by "a stark rejection of 'girl things.' "

Connell说，“在青少年中，对尊重和认同的寻求往往会导致对男子气概的过分展示：足球英雄、同龄人中第一个抽烟的人、校园恶霸等等”。这通常还伴随着“对‘女性化事物’的完全抵制”。

Broadening boyhood will also help give legitimacy to women's work and interests, bringing things like beautification, compromise and caring for others into the official range of human endeavors that truly matter.