【机务】解析飞机玻璃|163

飞机刚边玻璃窗

Airplane window of glass with rigid edge

专利技术简介

Patented Technology Introduction

专利名称：

Patent Name:

民航飞机窗体透明件紧固结构及其紧固方法

……

Fastening Structure and Fastening Method of Clear Parts of Civil Aircraft Window

……

所属技术领域：

Technical Field:

本发明涉及客机、货机和教练机等各类民用航空飞机，尤指一种民航飞机窗体透明件的紧固结构及其紧固方法。

This invention relates to airliner, cargo airplane and training airplane and other types of civil aircraft, especially the Fastening Structure and Fastening Method of Clear Parts of Civil Aircraft Window.

现有技术和缺陷：

Existing Technologies and Shortcomings:

1、在透明夹层边缘钻孔或植入金属片，破坏了窗体透明件的应力平衡并形成脆弱敏感区域，螺栓紧固后于边缘形成装配应力集中，在温差、压差和气动、振动以及疲劳荷载共同作用下产生银纹并扩大、直至碎裂；

1．drilling or implanting sheet metal at the edge of the transparent interlayer destroy the balancing of stresses of clear parts of window and form the fragile sensitive areas, bolt-on behind the edge forms the erection stress concentration and produces crazing and expand until fragmentation under the interaction of temperature difference, pressure and gas dynamic, vibration and fatigue load;

2、钢化玻璃与PVB等夹层材质的刚度、膨胀系数及屈曲强度不同，在上述荷载共同作用下，表层钢化玻璃对边缘密封胶产生强大撕扯力，破坏其密封性，导致渗水、漏气及贴合面分层、电元件损坏、玻璃碎裂；

2．the stiffness, expansion coefficients and buckling strength of tempered glass are different with from those of PVB interlayer material, under the interaction of load, tempered glass on the surface produces a strong tearing force on the sealants at the edge, destroys the sealing, resulting in water seepage, air leakage and layering of faying surface, electrical component damage, glass breakage;

3、透明件与机身为刚性紧固，当受鸟撞等外力冲击时无缓冲吸能作用，撞击力等破坏性外力。

3．The clear parts and body is rigid fastening. When it is hit by external shocks from birds and others, it doesn’t have buffered absorbing effect, the impact force is equal to collapsing force.

新技术和有益效果：

New Technologies and Beneficial Effects:

通过预应力夹持透明件外表周边，生成与之一体的刚性边框，透明件不产生安装应力，以边框对透明件的预应力补偿和对密封胶及电元件的包裹功能，应对上述荷载的共同作用力和对密封胶的撕扯力，杜绝密封性能失效，形成对鸟撞等外力的吸能作用。

By pre-stress clamping peripheral clear parts surface, it generates rigid edge which is integral, clear parts does not produce installation stress. By the frame compensating pre-stress on clear parts and packing sealants and electrical components, deal with the joint forces of the load above and its tearing strength on sealant to prevent sealing from failing, forming the energy absorption effect for external forces, such as the birds impacting.

透明件无须钻孔，本质上突破了现有技术对透明件材质与形状等限制，从而制造出空气动力学和视野更优的新产品，并可选用透明度、强度、胀缩率及耐候性更佳的材料，来增强透明件安全性、延长使用寿命、降低生产与维护成本。

It is no need to drill on the clear parts, which breaks the existing technology on material of clear parts and shape and other restrictions essentially, thereby creating new products with better aerodynamics and vision, and using the materials with high transparency, high strength, high expansion and contraction rate and better weather resistance to enhance the security of clear parts, extend the service life and reduce production and maintenance costs.

发明背景：

Background of the invention：

解决飞机窗的缺陷，提升安全性能。
Resolve the defects of aircraft window Improve safety performance.
风挡碎裂等事故频发。
Frequently happened emergencies like windshield breaks.
为何属易耗件、而非耐用件。
Why belongs to consumable parts rather than durable parts.
耐候性能可控性差，稳态不确定。
Poor controllability of weather resistance, uncertain steady state.
制造、维修技术繁杂。
Complicated and overloaded manufacturing and maintenance technology.
维护、更换成本高。
High maintenance and replacement cost.
……

我们发现了

We discovered

飞机窗现有典型设计：

The typical design of existing aircraft window:

现有缺陷：

Technology and Defects:

1．密封胶老化/开裂。

1. Moisture Seal Erosion/Cracking.

2．水分侵入。

2. Moisture Ingression.

3．中间层降解。

3. Interlayer Degradation.

4．分层。

4. Delamination.

5．变色。

5. Discoloration.

6．母线和加热膜弧。

6. Bus Bar and Heating Film Arcing.

7．起泡。

7. Bubbles.

8．玻璃层断裂。

8. Glass Ply Fracture.

9．爆边。

9. Peel Chip.

……

1．密封胶老化/开裂：

1. Moisture Seal Erosion/Cracking:

外置密封是防止水分强行进入层合玻璃的基础屏障。

Outboard (outer) moisture seal is the primary barrier to prevent moisture from entering the laminate.

密封老化、开裂主要是由于风、雨对外露密封胶的侵蚀所致。

Moisture seal degradation is due primarily to wind /rain erosion of the outboard seal / sealant material.

2．水分侵入：

2. Moisture Ingression:

这虽不是一个结构性问题，如果水分一旦渗入，则会引发透明件层合间的降解、分层、电加热系统损坏等故障，减少窗总成的使用寿命。

While not a structural issue, if moisture ingress is present, delamination, interlayer degradation, and electric heating system damage / failure can occur reducing the service life of the window.

3．中间层降解：

3. Interlayer Degradation:

由于外部防水密封失效，渗入的水分与氨基甲酸酯和乙烯基相互作用，可能发生层合间的降解、失效。

Degradation of the interlayer may occur due to failure of the outboard moisture seal allowing moisture to interact with the urethane and vinyl.

透明的聚氨酯夹层，由于水分渗入，会转变成白色、乳白色等半透明状。

Urethane interlayer appearance may change from clear to a white, milky, translucence due to moisture ingress.

聚氨酯持续处于渗入的水分中，会降解，形成“龟裂”。

Continued exposure to moisture will cause degradation of the urethane creating a “mud-cracking” appearance.

清晰的基层，由于水分侵入，也会变得浑浊；水分侵入可能还会出现层合分层或脱粘故障。

PVB / AG vinyl interlayer may also change from clear to a milky / cloudy appearance due to moisture ingress. Delamination or debonding may occur.

4．分层：

4. Delamination:

层合分层问题可能会发生在透明件边沿的各层合间清晰的分层。

Delamination is the separation of the interlayer from any of the glass plies contained in the window.

层合玻璃间明确、完全的分离模糊的分层。

Clear - complete separation/ de-bonding of interlayer from glass or plastic substrate.

层合玻璃间有水分、湿气渗入后边界模糊的分离。

Cloudy - moisture present.

5．变色：

5. Discoloration:

沿加热系统母线内边缘部可见的电源引线，发生黑色或深棕色的变色，或出现导电加热膜的电弧，这是一个须要将窗总成拆解维修或更换才能排除的故障。

Black or dark brown discoloration along the inside edge of the heating system bus bar, internally visible power lead wires, or on the electrically conductive heating film is an indication of arcing and should be regarded as a potential removal for replacement.

线路断开（导致连不到）。

Open circuit-broken wire (cause for removal).

出现银纹/ 降解龟裂。

Cracking / crazing (not a cause for removal unless impairs pilot’s vision).

6．加热系统故障：

6. Heating System Failure:

母线/导电膜弧。

Bus Bar/Conductive Film Arcing.

元件传感故障。

Sensing Element Failure.

挡风玻璃的热控制器故障。

Windshield Heat Controller Failure.

导线/终端块弧。

Power Lead Wire / Terminal Block Arcing.

7．起泡：

7. Bubbles:

由于过热状态引发夹层内形成小气泡。

Overheat condition.

由挡风玻璃紧固件扭应力引发夹层内形成小气泡。

Over torquing of windshield fasteners.

由夹紧压力引发夹层内形成小气泡。

Clamping pressure Small bubbles may form within the interlayer.

夹层起泡是一个结构性问题。

Bubbles in the interlayer are a structural issue.

夹层起泡是由于夹紧压力造成的。这种类型的起泡通常发生在视觉领域的边缘和局部，是夹紧压力或安装紧固件扭力作用于挡风玻璃周边的结果。

Bubbles in the interlayer may also be caused by clamping pressure. This type of bubbling typically occurs near the edge of the vision area and is the result of localized clamping pressure or over torquing the mounting fasteners around the periphery of the windshield.

8．玻璃破裂：

8. Glass Fracture:

层合玻璃开裂或破碎可能发生在层合间的任何玻璃层。

Glass fracturing or cracking can occur on any of the glass plies.

当处于运行振动中的窗总成，若有异物损伤、外力冲击、表面划痕、层合分层、电弧、端头爆边、过热、粘附力不均等情形时，可导致玻璃破裂。

Glass fracture can result from foreign object damage (FOD) impact / impingement, surface scratches, overheat condition, electrical arcing or peel / adhesion chip.

9．爆边：

9. Peel Chip:

挡风玻璃爆边通常形成于寒冷地区。

Peel chips usually form in cold area(s) of the windshield.

玻璃爆边只会发生在对叠玻璃的端头。

Peel chips will occur only on the laminated surface(s) of the glass ply.

玻璃爆边具有锯齿状的进展线，振动作用使得爆边变得越来越大、越宽。

Peel chips exhibit jagged progression lines as the chip grows becoming larger / wider.

玻璃爆边通常由塑料或玻璃纤维树脂在玻璃表面局部的过度粘附造成。

Created by local excessive adhesion at glass surface, usually from vinyl or fiberglass resin.

玻璃爆边会形成锋利的V形。

Creates sharp “V”shape peel chip.