专题指导

例证关系表示前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。常见的表示力例证关系的标志词有：for example, ,for instance, in fact /as a matter of fact, actually, in other words /that is to say等。

上下义词相关是指文中设空处前后的某个词或某些词与正确选项的某个词或某些词之间存在上下义词的关系。上义词是对事物概括性或抽象性的说明；下义词则是对事物具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。如flower是上义词，而 rose，lily，tulip则是它的下义词。

精练必刷题

（一）

How to build self-confidence

Self-confidence is important to everyone. People with self-confidence generally like themselves, are willing to take risks to achieve their goals, and think positively about the future. People who lack self-confidence, however, are less likely to feel that they can achieve their goals. __1__. The following tips will help you build self-confidence.

1．Identify your negative thoughts.Your negative thoughts might sound like this: “I can’t do that，” “I will surely fail，”“__2__.” This inner voice is unhelpful and will hold you back from achieving greater self-confidence.

2．Turn your negative thoughts to positive thoughts.As you pay attention to your negative thoughts, turn them around to positive thoughts. This may take the form of positive affirmations (肯定), such as “I am going to try it，”“__3__，” or “People will listen to me.” Start with just a few positive thoughts a day.

3．Create a positive support network.Connect with those close to you, whether they are family or friends, to keep your perspective uplifted. __4__. Someone you call a friend may actually make you feel bad, if they constantly criticize you. As much as possible, limit your contact with them while you build your selfconfidence.

4．Identify your talents.Everyone is good at something, so discover the things at which you excel, and then focus on your talents. __5__. Adding a variety of interests or hobbies to your life will not only make you more confident, but also increase your chances of making friends.

A．Look in the mirror and smile

B．I can be successful if I work at it

C．Take it to heart and respond positively

D．No one wants to hear what I have to say

E．Also, give yourself permission to take pride in them

F．In addition, stay away from people or things that make you feel bad

G．The good news is that self-confidence is something you can improve

（二）

Secret codes (密码)keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 1．_______ Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 2．_________For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” Spell out the hidden message “Meet me. ”

3．_______You might represent each letter with a number. For example, let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26．If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5．”

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 4．_______For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me. ” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me. ”5．_______However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B．In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

（三）

Living with a diet that doesn't include all the animals and animal byproducts (副产品) is termed as vegetarianism (素食主义)．It contains different types of vegetarians.

Those who don't eat meat of any kind, eggs, milk products, or even don't consume processed foods containing any ingredients from animals are termed as vegans.__1__ Vegetarians who don't eat any type of animal meat or even eggs but consume milk are called lacto vegetarians. Vegetarians who don't consume any kind of animal meat or milk but eat eggs are called ovo vegetarians.

Vegetarianism is accepted and practiced by many people, but each one has his or her reasons. Some people do it for better health. They think vegetarianism is a healthy diet.__2__ They think it's cruel for human beings to kill animals for their nutrition when vegetarian options are available.__3__ Some religions don't allow their believers to consume nonvegetarian food.

__4__ For example, it can prevent several diseases like heart diseases and cancer. Eating fresh vegetables, fruit and other vegetarian foods like whole grains can help keep a healthy body weight. A vegetarian diet can help improve the process of digestion and thus help the body get rid of poisonous waste products.__5__ Many scientists have also stated that vegetarianism contributes to reducing the effects of global warming.

A．There are many vegetarians.

B．Fruitarians only eat fresh fruit.

C．A vegetarian diet has many health benefits.

D．Many people do it because of their love for animals.

E．It's good to have a vegetarian diet but eat meat at times.

F．Thus, generally vegetarians live longer than nonvegetarians.

G．Many people practice vegetarianism owing to their religious beliefs.

答案解析

一、

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了建立自信的方法。

1．选GG项与上文关于自信的重要性的介绍衔接紧密，且与下文的build selfconfidence相呼应。

2．选D　该段共列举了三个负面想法，D项为第三个例子；且D项与第三段中第三个积极想法“People will listen to me”相对应。

3．选BB项与第二段列举的第二个负面想法“I will surely fail”相对应。

4．选F　该段讲要建立积极的支持网络，包括两个方面：接近那些给自己正能量的人；远离那些给自己负能量的人和事物。F项的内容即第二个方面。

5．选EE项中的them指代上文的your talents。

二、

[分析]　本文是一篇说明文，主要向读者介绍了几种类型的密码。

1．D[段中题。挖空前面句子是关于使用密码，挖空后面句子是关于破解密码，所以挖空处的句子一定是在“使用密码和破解密码之间”承上启下。D项“只要有密码的存在，人们就会试图破解它们。符合题意。]

2．E[段中题。挖空前的句子说“有三种类型的密码”，挖空后的句子举了一个例子，说明挖空处的句子是介绍第一种类型，后面的例子则是对第一种类型的解释。E项中having the first letters of each word spell it out正好对应后面的例子。]

3．G[段首题。根据后面的解释内容可以判断这是介绍密码设置的又一种方法，即用数字代表字母，故判断G选项符合语境。]

4．F[段中题。根据后面的举例以及前句中的 a code book可以判断该句是介绍密码书的使用，故判断F选项可以起到承上启下的作用，并且照应前句的a code book。]

5．A[段中题。根据空后内容的转折可知，挖空处和后面句子“密码书难以长时间保密”有转折，所以A项“尽管没有密码书难以破译密码”符合句意，而且It is very hard和下句的It is also hard照应。]

三、

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍几种素食者及素食主义的好处。

1．选B　根据第一段最后一句和本段的内容可知，本段介绍了四类素食者：vegans, fruitarians, lacto vegetarians, ovo vegetarians。本空介绍了果食主义者。

2．选D　根据本段第一句的“each one has his or her reasons”可知，该段介绍人们素食的原因；空后一句“They think it's cruel for human beings to kill animals for their nutrition”与D项中“their love for animals”相吻合，故正确答案为D。

3．选G　下一句对本空进行进一步的阐述，都是围绕religion这一原因，故正确答案为G。

4．选C　根据本段的内容及设空位置可知，本空为本段的中心句。本段主要讲了素食的益处，故正确答案为C。

5．选F　上文指出，素食可以预防疾病、维持健康体重、促进消化、排出身体的毒素，因此，素食主义者往往寿命更长，故正确答案为F。