2021年Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry年度最佳论文奖

近日， Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (JAFC)和the ACS Divisions of Agrochemicals (AGRO)以及Agricultural and Food Chemistry (AGFD) 公布了2021 年Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 年度最佳论文奖获得者。自2013年发起以来，每年评出的该奖项用于肯定在农业化学品和食品化学领域的突出研究工作。

（1）AGFD分部最佳论文

论文题目：Quantitative Dietary Fingerprinting (QDF)—A Novel Tool for Comprehensive Dietary Assessment Based on Urinary Nutrimetabolomics

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07023

作者：Raúl González-Domínguez, Mireia Urpi-Sarda, Olga Jáuregui, Paul W. Needs, Paul A. Kroon, and Cristina Andrés-Lacueva

精准膳食评估在营养研究中是一大挑战，它需要强大的工具用于对食物摄入生物标志物进行可靠测定。

而在本研究中，研究人员开发出一种新的定量膳食指纹图谱(QDF)方法，该方法首次能够同时对尿中大约350种来源食物的代谢物进行定量测定。这些代谢物包括多酚苷元、第二阶段代谢物、微生物转变化合物以及其他化合物（例如硫代葡萄糖苷、氨基酸衍生物、甲基黄嘌呤、生物碱以及酒精和烟草摄入标记物）。这种方法在220种代谢物被证实有效，具有好线性、高灵敏性和准确性、准确的回收率以及可以忽略的基质效应。而且，这个方法对用各种食物进行急性饮食干预的患者尿中鉴定了127种第二阶段代谢物。

因此，这个代谢组学方法使得精准营养研究更进一步，也提升了膳食模式和生活方式评估的准确性和综合性。

Accepting the Best Research Article Award (AGFD Division) on behalf of all co-authors: Professor Cristina Andrés-Lacueva and Dr. Raúl González-Domínguez

Dr. Cristina Andrés-Lacueva is Full Professor and Icrea Academia awardee at the Nutrition, Food Science & Gastronomy Department of the Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty at the University of Barcelona where she leads the Biomarkers and Nutritional & Food Metabolomics research group. Since 2017, Dr. Cristina Andrés-Lacueva has been a Principal Investigator at CIBERFES-isciii, Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging. Her group works on the understanding of qualitative and quantitative links between dietary patterns, nutritional phenotype and risk factors for diet-related chronic diseases.

Dr. Raúl González-Domínguez received his PhD in Chemistry at the University of Huelva, Spain in 2015, and then joined the University of Barcelona as a postdoctoral researcher under the “Juan de la Cierva” program funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science. His research interests are focused in the development and application of targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches in food science, epidemiological, nutritional and biomedical research.

（2）AGRO分部最佳论文

论文题目：Evaluation of Matrix Effects and Extraction Efficiencies of LC–MS/MS Methods as the Essential Part for Proper Validation of Multiclass Contaminants in Complex Feed

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07706

作者：David Steiner, Rudolf Krska, Alexandra Malachová, Ines Taschl, and Michael Sulyok

2013-2020年度获奖论文

2020JAFC最佳论文

（1）AGRO分部最佳论文

论文题目：3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid, a Metabolite of the Fungicide Fluopyram, Causes Growth Disorder in Vitis vinifera

作者：Peter Robatscher, Daniela Eisenstecken, Gerd Innerebner, Christian Roschatt, Barbara Raifer, Hannes Rohregger, Hansjörg Hafner, and Michael Oberhuber

简介：在该研究论文中，作者鉴定和提出杀真菌剂氟吡菌酰胺的一个代谢物是引起2015年春夏欧洲一些国家葡萄藤植物毒性损伤的物质。在温室和田间试验中，氟吡菌酰胺代谢物—PCA (3-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid)能够引起叶片偏上生长、损害浆果的形成，导致作物减产和根生长异常，在剂效方式上与生长素除草剂类似。

DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05567

（2）AGFD分部最佳论文

论文题目：Transglycosylation Forms Novel Glycoside Ethyl α‑Maltoside and Ethyl α‑Isomaltoside in Sake during the Brewing Process by α‑Glucosidase A of Aspergillus oryzae

作者：Yusuke Kojima, Chihiro Honda, Izumi Kobayashi, Ryo Katsuta, Satomi Matsumura, Izumi Wagatsuma, Maya Takehisa, Hitoshi Shindo, Masaru Hosaka, Tomoo Nukada, and Masafumi Tokuoka

简介：在本研究中，作者探究了在日本清酒(sake)发酵过程中，真菌Aspergillus oryzae产生的酶在糖化过程中的作用。研究人员将Aspergillus oryzae中a-glucosidase A(AgdA)编码基因敲除来鉴定清酒中的哪种成分是由AgdA酶作用产生的。研究鉴定了两种转糖基化作用产物(Ethyl α‑Maltoside and Ethyl α‑Isomaltoside)存在于很多商业清酒中。

DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06936

2019JAFC最佳论文

（1）菲油果生物活性导向代谢物谱鉴定4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione是壳多糖合成中的一种潜在抗真菌抑制剂

作者：Mona Mokhtari, Michael D. Jackson, Alistair S. Brown, David F. Ackerley, Nigel J. Ritson, Robert A. Keyzers, Andrew B. Munkacsi

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06154

Abstract

Pathogenic fungi continue to develop resistance against current antifungal drugs. To explore the potential of agricultural waste products as a source of novel antifungal compounds, we obtained an unbiased GC-MS profile of 151 compounds from 16 commercial and experimental cultivars of feijoa peels. Multivariate analysis correlated 93% of the compound profiles with antifungal bioactivities. Of the 18 compounds that significantly correlated with antifungal activity, 5 had not previously been described from feijoa. Two novel cultivars were the most bioactive, and the compound 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, detected in these cultivars, was potently antifungal (IC50 = 1–2 μM) against human-pathogenic Candida species. Haploinsufficiency and fluorescence microscopy analyses determined that the synthesis of chitin, a fungal-cell-wall polysaccharide, was the target of 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione. This fungal-specific mechanism was consistent with a 22–70-fold reduction in antibacterial activity. Overall, we identified the agricultural waste product of specific cultivars of feijoa peels as a source of potential high-value antifungal compounds.

(2)啤酒中糖化氨基酸的酵母代谢物

作者：Michael Hellwig, Falco Beer, Sophia Witte, Thomas Henle*

DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01329

Abstract

Glycation reactions (Maillard reactions) during the malting and brewing processes are important for the development of the characteristic color and flavor of beer. Recently, free and protein-bound Maillard reaction products (MRPs) such as pyrraline, formyline, and maltosine were found in beer. Furthermore, these amino acid derivatives are metabolized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae via the Ehrlich pathway. In this study, a method was developed for quantitation of individual Ehrlich intermediates derived from pyrraline, formyline, and maltosine. Following synthesis of the corresponding reference material, the MRP-derived new Ehrlich alcohols pyrralinol (up to 207 μg/L), formylinol (up to 50 μg/L), and maltosinol (up to 6.9 μg/L) were quantitated for the first time in commercial beer samples by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. This is equivalent to ca. 20–40% of the concentrations of the parent glycated amino acids. The metabolites were almost absent from alcohol-free beers and malt-based beverages. Two previously unknown valine-derived pyrrole derivatives were characterized and qualitatively identified in beer. The metabolites investigated represent new process-induced alkaloids that may influence brewing yeast performance due to structural similarities to quorum sensing and metal-binding molecules.

2018JAFC最佳论文

(1)鉴定作为果蝇化学信息素的非常普通抗氧化物三肽谷胱甘肽

作者：Xavier Cheseto, Donald L. Kachigamba, Sunday Ekesi, Mary Ndung, Peter E. A. Teal, John J. Beck, Baldwyn Torto*

DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03164

Abstract

Many insects mark their oviposition sites with a host marking pheromone (HMP) to deter other females from overexploiting these sites. Previous studies have identified and used HMPs to manage certain fruit fly species; however, few are known for African indigenous fruit flies. The HMP of the African fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra, was identified as the ubiquitous plant and animal antioxidant tripeptide, glutathione (GSH). GSH was isolated from the aqueous extract of adult female fecal matter and characterized by LC-QTOF-MS. GSH level increased with increasing age of female fecal matter, with highest concentration detected from 2-week-old adult females. Additionally, GSH levels were 5–10-times higher in fecal matter than in the ovipositor or hemolymph extracts of females. In bioassays, synthetic GSH reduced oviposition responses in conspecifics of C. cosyra and the heterospecific species C. rosa, C. fasciventris, C. capitata, and Zeugodacus cucurbitae. These results represent the first report of a ubiquitous antioxidant as a semiochemical in insects and its potential use in fruit fly management.

(2)从食品含有一个醛基的风味挥发物中寻找CD36配体：鉴定含9-16碳原子饱和脂肪醛作为受体潜在的配体

作者：Satoshi Tsuzuki* ,Takahiko Amitsuka，Tatsuya Okahashi, Yusaku Kimoto, Kazuo Inoue

DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01890

Abstract

Volatile compounds with an aldehyde moiety such as (Z)-9-octadecenal are potential ligands for cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), a transmembrane receptor that has recently been shown to play a role in mammalian olfaction. In this study, by performing an assay using a peptide mimic of human CD36, we aimed to discover additional ligands for the receptor from volatiles containing a single aldehyde group commonly found in human foods. Straight-chain, saturated aliphatic aldehydes with 9–16 carbons exhibited CD36 ligand activities, albeit to varying degrees. Notably, the activities of tridecanal and tetradecanal were higher than that of oleic acid, the most potent ligand among the fatty acids tested. Among the aldehydes other than aliphatic aldehydes, only phenylacetaldehyde showed a weak activity. These findings make a contribution to our knowledge of recognition mechanisms for flavor volatiles in foods with an aldehyde group.

2017JAFC最佳论文

(1)定量塞尔维亚玉米、小麦粒和土壤样品中的马兜铃酸：鉴定巴尔干地区性肾病病因学上的一个新暴露途径

作者：Chan, Wan Pavlovic, Nikola M. Li, Weiwei Chan, Chi-Kong Liu, Jingjing Deng, Kailin Wang, Yinan Milosavljevic, Biljana Kostic, Emina N.

DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02203

Abstract

While to date investigations provided convincing evidence on the role of aristolochic acids (AAs) in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and upper urothelial cancer (UUC), the exposure pathways by which AAs enter human bodies to cause BEN and UUC remain obscure. The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that environmental pollution by AAs and root uptake of AAs in the polluted soil may be one of the pathways by which AAs enter the human food chain. The hypothesis driving this study was that the decay of Aristolochia clematitis L., a AA-containing herbaceous plant that is found growing widespread in the endemic regions, could release free AAs to the soil, which could be taken up by food crops growing nearby, thereby transferring this potent human nephrotoxin and carcinogen into their edible parts. Using the highly sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection method, we identified and quantitated in this study for the first time AAs in corn, wheat grain, and soil samples collected from the endemic village Kutles in Serbia. Our results provide the first direct evidence that food crops and soil in the Balkans are contaminated with AAs. It is possible that the presence of AAs in edible parts of crops originating from the AA-contaminated soil could be one of the major pathways by which humans become exposed to AAs.

（2）在油炸过程中毒理学相关醛类的产生被食品酚类限制

作者：Rosario Zamora, Isabel Aguilar, Michael Granvogl, Francisco J. Hidalgo*

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02165

Abstract

The lipid-derived carbonyl trapping ability of phenolic compounds under common food processing conditions was studied by determining the presence of carbonyl-phenol adducts in both onions fried in the laboratory and commercially crispy fried onions. Four carbonyl-phenol adducts produced between quercetin and acrolein, crotonaldehyde, or (E)-2-pentenal were prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The synthesized compounds were 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,8-trihydroxy-9,10-dihydro-4H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-one (4), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,8-trihydroxy-10-methyl-9,10-dihydro-4H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-one (5), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-8-methyl-4H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-one (9), and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-8-ethyl-3,5-dihydroxy-4H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-one (10). When onions were fried in fresh rapeseed oil spiked with acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and (E)-2-pentenal (2.7 μmol/g of oil), adduct 10 was the major compound produced, and trace amounts of adducts 4 and 5, but not of adduct 9, were also detected. In contrast, compound 4 was the major adduct present in commercially crispy fried onions. Compound 10 was also present to a lower extent, and trace amounts of compound 5, but not of compound 9, were also detected. These data suggested that lipid-derived carbonyl-phenol adducts are formed in food products under standard cooking conditions. They also pointed to a possible protective role of food polyphenols, which might contribute to the removal of toxicologically relevant aldehydes produced during deep-frying, assuming that the formed products are stable during food consumption in the human organism.

2016JAFC最佳论文

(1)Oxyphytosterols作为小麦麸皮中的活性成分抑制人结肠癌细胞生长：鉴定、化学合成和生物学评估

作者：Yingdong Zhu, Dominique Soroka, Shengmin Sang*

DOI: 10.1021/jf506361r

Abstract

Consumption of whole grains has been reported to be associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Recent studies illustrated that phytochemicals in wheat bran (WB) may protect against colorectal cancer. There is a growing interest in the phytosterol contents of foods as either intrinsic or added components due to their beneficial health effects. However, little is known whether phytosterols in WB contribute the observed chemopreventative activity of the grain. In the present study, we directly purified and identified four oxyphytosterols 1–4 from sterol-enriched fraction of WB, and also successfully synthesized five sterol oxides 5–8 and 13. Using these nine compounds as references, we outlined a comprehensive profile of steroids in WB using tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LC-ESI/MSn, n = 2–3) techniques for the first time. Among them, three sterol oxides 13, 14, and 18 are novel compounds, and 14 compounds 3, 4, 6–11, 13, 14, 16, and 18–20 were reported in WB for the first time. Our results on the inhibitory effects of available sterol oxides 1–8 and 13 against the growth of human colon cancer cells HCT-116 and HT-29 showed that compounds 2–8 exerted significant antiproliferative effects, with oxysterol 8 being the most active one in both cells. We further demonstrated that four most active sterol oxides 5–8 could induce cell death through the apoptosis pathway. Our results showed that phytosterols, particularly oxyphytosterols, in WB possess significant antiproliferative properties, and thereby may greatly contribute the observed chemoprevention of the whole grain wheat.

(2)在雌豌豆娥寄主选择中来自不同植物种类的嗅觉线索

作者：Gunda Thöming*, Hans Ragnar Norli

DOI: 10.1021/jf505934q

Abstract

In herbivorous insects specialized on few plant species, attraction to host odor may be mediated by volatiles common to all host species, by specific compounds, or combinations of both. The pea moth Cydia nigricana is an important pest of the pea. Volatile signatures of four host plant species were studied to identify compounds involved in pea moth host selection and to improve previously reported attractive volatile blends. P. sativum and alternative Fabaceae host species were compared regarding female attraction, oviposition, and larval performance. Pea moth females were strongly attracted to the sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus, but larval performance on that species was moderate. Chemical analyses of sweet pea odor and electrophysiological responses of moth antennae led to identification of seven sweet-pea-specific compounds and ten compounds common to all tested host species. Blends of these specific and common cues were highly attractive to mated pea moth females in wind tunnel and field experiments.

2015JAFC最佳论文

(1)基于NMR代谢组学探究黑树莓(Rubus occidentalis L.) 果实提取物中化学组成的生物活性

作者：Paudel, Liladhar Wyzgoski, Faith J. Giusti, M. Monica Johnson, Jodee L. Rinaldi, Peter L. Scheerens, Joseph C. Chanon, Ann M. Bomser, Joshua A. Miller, A. Raymond Hardy, James K. Reese, R. Neil

DOI: 10.1021/jf404998k

Abstract

Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) (BR) fruit extracts with differing compound profiles have shown variable antiproliferative activities against HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. This study used partial least-squares (PLS) regression analysis to develop a high-resolution 1H NMR-based multivariate statistical model for discerning the biological activity of BR constituents. This model identified specific bioactive compounds and ascertained their relative contribution against cancer cell proliferation. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside were the predominant contributors to the extract bioactivity, but salicylic acid derivatives (e.g., salicylic acid glucosyl ester), quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, p-coumaric acid, epicatechin, methyl ellagic acid derivatives (e.g., methyl ellagic acetyl pentose), and citric acid derivatives also contributed significantly to the antiproliferative activity of the berry extracts. This approach enabled the identification of new bioactive components in BR fruits and demonstrates the utility of the method for assessing chemopreventive compounds in foods and food products.

(2)基于UPLC-QToF-MS鉴定环境污染物植物代谢物：三氯苯氧氯酚在辣根中的体外代谢

作者：André Macherius, Bettina Seiwert, Peter Schröder, Christian Huber, Wilhelm Lorenz, Thorsten Reemtsma

DOI: 10.1021/jf404784q

Abstract

Plants can extensively transform contaminants after uptake through phase I and phase II metabolism to a large diversity of products. UPLC-QToF-MS was used to detect and identify metabolites of the bacteriostatic agent triclosan in a horseradish hairy root culture. Thirty-three metabolites of triclosan were recognized by a stepwise approach of mass defect filtering, multivariate data analysis, and isotope pattern filtering from a data set of several thousands of signals in the exposed culture. Structure proposals were elaborated for 23 triclosan metabolites on the basis of their MS data. The majority were identified as conjugates (phase II metabolites) such as saccharides or sulfosaccharides. Additionally, a disulfosaccharide was identified as a plant metabolite for the first time. Besides that, also conjugates of a phase I metabolite, hydroxytriclosan, were determined in horseradish tissue extracts. Dehalogenation products of triclosan were not observed. The large number of metabolites detected and identified in this study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive analytical approach in studies on the uptake and fate of organic contaminants in plants.

2014JAFC最佳论文

(1)不同酚类化合物激活各种人体苦味受体

作者：Soares, Susana Kohl, Susann Thalmann, Sophie Mateus, Nuno Meyerhof, Wolfgang De Freitas, Victor

DOI: 10.1021/jf304198k

Abstract

Bitterness is a major sensory attribute of several common foods and beverages rich in polyphenol compounds. These compounds are reported as very important for health as chemopreventive compounds, but they are also known to taste bitter. In this work, the activation of the human bitter taste receptors, TAS2Rs, by six polyphenol compounds was analyzed. The compounds chosen are present in a wide range of plant-derived foods and beverages, namely, red wine, beer, tea, and chocolate. Pentagalloylglucose (PGG) is a hydrolyzable tannin, (−)-epicatechin is a precursor of condensed tannins, procyanidin dimer B3 and trimer C2 belong to the condensed tannins, and malvidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside are anthocyanins. The results show that the different compounds activate different combinations of the ∼25 TAS2Rs. (−)-Epicatechin activated three receptors, TAS2R4, TAS2R5, and TAS2R39, whereas only two receptors, TAS2R5 and TAS2R39, responded to PGG. In contrast, malvidin-3-glucoside and procyanidin trimer stimulated only one receptor, TAS2R7 and TAS2R5, respectively. Notably, tannins are the first natural agonists found for TAS2R5 that display high potency only toward this receptor. The catechol and/or galloyl groups appear to be important structural determinants that mediate the interaction of these polyphenolic compounds with TAS2R5. Overall, the EC50 values obtained for the different compounds vary 100-fold, with the lowest values for PGG and malvidin-3-glucoside compounds, suggesting that they could be significant polyphenols responsible for the bitterness of fruits, vegetables, and derived products even if they are present in very low concentrations.

(2)内生真菌Cladosporium cladosporioides代谢物对抗植物病原体的抗真菌活性

作者：Wang X, Radwan MM, Taráwneh AH, Gao J, Wedge DE, Rosa LH, Cutler HG, Cutler SJ

DOI: 10.1021/jf400212y

Abstract

Bioassay-guided fractionation of Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries extracts led to the isolation of four compounds, including cladosporin, 1; isocladosporin, 2; 5′-hydroxyasperentin, 3; and cladosporin-8-methyl ether, 4. An additional compound, 5′,6-diacetylcladosporin, 5, was synthesized by acetylation of compound 3. Compounds 1–5 were evaluated for antifungal activity against plant pathogens. Phomopsis viticola was the most sensitive fungus to the tested compounds. At 30 μM, compound 1 exhibited 92.7, 90.1, 95.4, and 79.9% growth inhibition against Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and P. viticola, respectively. Compound 2 showed 50.4, 60.2, and 83.0% growth inhibition at 30 μM against Co. fragariae, Co. gloeosporioides, and P. viticola, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 were isolated for the first time from Cl. cladosporioides. Moreover, the identification of essential structural features of the cladosporin nuclei has also been evaluated. These structures provide new templates for the potential treatment and management of plant diseases.

2013JAFC最佳论文

(1)鉴定木质素生物工程靶点：表儿茶素、槲皮素苷和没食子酸衍生物在玉米细胞壁木质化和发酵中的作用

作者：John H. Grabber*, Dino Ress, John Ralph

DOI:10.1021/jf203986a

Abstract

Apoplastic targeting of secondary metabolites compatible with monolignol polymerization may provide new avenues for designing lignins that are less inhibitory toward fiber fermentation. To identify suitable monolignol substitutes, primary maize cell walls were artificially lignified with normal monolignols plus various epicatechin, quercetin glycoside, and gallate derivatives added as 0 or 45% by weight of the precursor mixture. The flavonoids and gallates had variable effects on peroxidase activity, but all dropped lignification pH. Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epicatechin vanillate, epigallocatechin, galloylhyperin, and pentagalloylglucose formed wall-bound lignin at moderate to high concentrations, and their incorporation increased 48 h in vitro ruminal fiber fermentability by 20–33% relative to lignified controls. By contrast, ethyl gallate and corilagin severely depressed lignification and increased 48 h fermentability by about 50%. The results suggest several flavonoid and gallate derivatives are promising lignin bioengineering targets for improving the inherent fermentability of nonpretreated cell walls.

(2)人体心理和味觉受体对甜叶菊糖苷的反应

作者：Caroline Hellfritsch, Anne Brockhoff, Frauke Stähler, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Thomas Hofmann

DOI: 10.1021/jf301297n

Abstract

Steviol glycosides, the sweet principle of Stevia Rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, have recently been approved as a food additive in the EU. The herbal non-nutritive high-potency sweeteners perfectly meet the rising consumer demand for natural food ingredients in Europe. We have characterized the organoleptic properties of the most common steviol glycosides by an experimental approach combining human sensory studies and cell-based functional taste receptor expression assays. On the basis of their potency to elicit sweet and bitter taste sensations, we identified glycone chain length, pyranose substitution, and the C16 double bond as the structural features giving distinction to the gustatory profile of steviol glycosides. A comprehensive screening of 25 human bitter taste receptors revealed that two receptors, hTAS2R4 and hTAS2R14, mediate the bitter off-taste of steviol glycosides. For some test substances, e.g., stevioside, we observed a decline in sweet intensity at supra-maximum concentrations. This effect did not arise from allosteric modulation of the hTAS1R2/R3 sweet taste receptor but might be explained by intramolecular cross-modal suppression between the sweet and bitter taste component of steviol glycosides. These results might contribute to the production of preferentially sweet and least bitter tasting Stevia extracts by an optimization of breeding and postharvest downstream processing.

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