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在RCEP签署以后,我国自贸试验区法制建设也应不断提升开放度与透明度,接轨国际先进水平。同时其他诸多国家的自由贸易园区经过多年发展在法制建设上积累的丰富实践经验也值得我国尝试借鉴。

本文作者系盘古智库研究员牟亚迪文章英文版首发于《中国日报》2021年8月23日,标题为“China's FTZs should align with RCEP to boost development”,节选编译自中文版文章《我国自由贸易试验区接轨RCEP问题探究》。

For Asia-Pacific countries, the signing of the world's largest free trade agreement (FTA), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, last year can pave the way to recovery from economic recession and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

For China, integrating the rules of its pilot free trade zones (FTZs) and the RCEP, which covers about one-third of the world's population and global GDP, can synergize its economic development with that of the Asia-Pacific region.

Amid the tide of anti-globalization in many economies, Asia-Pacific countries have pledged to uphold multilateralism and free trade by signing the RCEP agreement. The signatories to the FTA are the 10 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia and Japan. Thailand, Singapore, China and Japan have already ratified the RECP, and after four more ASEAN members and one more non-ASEAN signatory do the same, the agreement will come into force.

To begin with, the RCEP can end the imbalance in regional trade, which has been created due to the mature production networks and close intra-regional trade and the lack institutional agreements on overall economic cooperation, and help signatory countries better deal with the uncertainties created by the changing global situations.

Besides, the agreement will help China establish closer trade and investment relations with other RCEP signatory countries and achieve higher level opening-up. The industrial orientation and functions are common to the rules of China's pilot FTZs and the RCEP agreement. Both aim to integrate the industrial and value chains. While China will promote domestic and regional economic integration, the RCEP will boost Asia-Pacific economic integration and the RCEP's rules of origin will help lower tariffs and strengthen regional industrial supply chains.

As such, China should upgrade the international investment and trade rules for its pilot FTZs and further open up its economy in order to seize the opportunities offered by the RCEP.

Moreover, the RCEP will benefit the regional digital economy, thus facilitating the development of China's "dual circulation" development paradigm, which is centered on the domestic economy and aimed at integrating the domestic and international economies and promotes the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

There are three ways in which China's pilot FTZs can align with the RCEP. First, the pilot FTZs should establish scientific management mechanisms. And based on relations with RCEP signatory states that are geographically closer to China, the pilot FTZs should develop different development patterns.

For example, the local government can lead the unified management of a particular FTZ, probably by establishing a specific committee for the purpose, and enterprises can lead the market-oriented operation of the FTZ in a professional way. Also, since doing business with Japan and the ROK is more convenient for the China (Shandong) Pilot Free Trade Zone because of geographical proximity, the Shandong FTZ should make rules accordingly and acquire a sound knowledge of the FTZs in those two countries, as that would help strengthen mutual trust and reduce trade costs for all sides.

Second, the differences in development levels, local conditions and the core industries will remain characteristic features of China's pilot FTZs. Therefore, each FTZ should develop different industrial characteristics based on their advantages, such as lower costs, and avoid homogeneous competition with other FTZs.

Hence, the China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone should establish cooperation with enterprises in ASEAN member states, using RCEP tariff preferences. By making good use of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, and the China-Vietnam, China-Laos-Thailand and China-India-Bangladesh-Myanmar economic corridors, China can deepen cross-border cooperation and boost cross-border production capacity, as well as increase financial, energy, tourism, e-commerce, logistics and cross-border renminbi business. Which will help the FTZs establish a tax regime in line with international standards.

As for the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, given its advantages of sea, land and air connections, it can play an important role in the RCEP's import and export trade, and help strengthen the RCEP signatory states' industrial chains. Shanghai's rich education infrastructure and more open business environment can help it attract more leading global and regional enterprises, and thus sign higher-level FTAs.

And third, China should improve the legal system in the pilot FTZs, so it can be conducive to international economic and trade rules. In fact, China has vowed to build a business environment that is more "law-based, internationalized and business-friendly". And although China has made some progress on this front, it should make more efforts to further improve the legal system so that it matches international standards.

True, the domestic conditions of different countries are different, but the market laws and regulations, and trade facilitation, investment, and trade rules are similar in FTZs around the world. So China's pilot FTZs should, learning from their counterparts in other countries, further open up their markets to boost their development.

-中文版-

RCEP发展历程

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,RCEP)于2012年由东盟发起,由包括中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰和东盟十国(文莱、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、越南)15方成员共同制定。2020年11月15日,第四次区域全面经济伙伴关系协定领导人会议以视频方式举行,会后东盟10国和中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰共15个亚太国家正式签署了《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》。《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》的签署,标志着当前世界上人口最多、经贸规模最大、最具发展潜力的自由贸易区正式启动。

截至2020年,RCEP的15个成员国约占世界人口的30%(22亿人)和全球GDP的30%(26.2万亿美元),使其成为历史上最大的贸易集团。2021年是RCEP发展取得重大突破的一年。亚洲最大的两个经济体中国与日本基本完成了对RCEP的核准程序。4月15日,中国向东盟秘书长交存批准书,标志了中国的RCEP批准程序完成。十几天后,日本参议院也通过了RCEP协议。

在全球贸易保护主义、孤立主义、逆全球化思潮抬头,疫情使世界经济下行趋势加剧的背景下,RCEP能够在疫情后取得重大突破表明了东亚区域国家对多边主义的坚持,以及推动经济一体化仍是东亚区域国家的广泛共识。RCEP协定的签署将结束东亚长期处于“成熟的生产网络、紧密的区域内贸易”与“缺失整体性经济合作制度安排”的不平衡状态。 对于中国而言,RCEP的签署有助于推动中国与其他成员国之间形成更紧密的贸易投资和产业分工关系,有助于倒逼中国经济体制改革。

“自贸区”概念区分及我国自贸试验区发展历程

在世界经贸规则中,有两种不同概念的“自贸区” :一种是世界贸易组织定义的自由贸易区(对应英文Free Trade Area, FTA),即两个以上的主权国家或单独关税区通过签署协定,在世贸组织最惠国待遇基础上,相互进一步开放市场,分阶段取消绝大部分货物的关税和非关税壁垒,改善服务和投资的市场准入条件,从而形成的实现贸易和投资自由化的特定区域。“自由贸易区”所涵盖的范围是签署自由贸易协定的所有成员的全部关税领土,而非其中的某一部分;

另一种是世界海关组织界定的自由贸易园区,(对应英文Free Trade Zone, FTZ),即依据本国的法律法规在境内设立的区域型经济特。在园区内,根据特定的海关规定,货物可以进口、储存、处理、制造或重新配置和再出口,一般不征收关税。自由贸易区通常围绕主要海港、国际机场和国境——具有许多贸易地理优势的地区建立。

FTA与FTZ虽然都常被简称为“自贸区”,但内涵并不一致。中国自由贸易试验区(China Pilot Free Trade Zone)从许多特征上看,更加接近世界海关组织界定的自由贸易园区的定义,但仍略有不同:即自由贸易园区一般意义上属于政策洼地,享受优惠政策,但我国自由贸易试验区更像是压力测试区。测试我国一旦实行负面清单管理、准入前国民待遇等所谓高标准时,国内政府管理和产业发展能否经受住冲击。

早在2011年,我国政府就初步确立了在上海、深圳、青岛和天津等地建立自由贸易试验区的规划与设想。2013年9月,中国(上海)自由贸易试验区率先成立。截止2020年,全国21省市共设立22个自由贸易试验区(详见附件:中国自由贸易试验区名录)。

RCEP为我国自由贸易试验区发展带来机遇

宏观来看,RCEP的签署有利于成员国共同应对国际环境的不确定性,增进相关国家人民的福祉,对促进我国高水平开放具有重要意义。加快推进RCEP落地实施,是当前我国扩大开放进而促进改革的重要抓手。协定中的“原产地积累规则”不仅有利于降低享受关税优惠门槛,也将极大促进区域内贸易合作,稳定和强化区域产业链供应链。

我国自由贸易试验区的功能定位、产业导向等,与RCEP的目标高度一致:我国自由贸易试验区的建立是为了促进我国本地区的产业链和价值链的融合,为我国国内的区域一体化注入强劲动力;而RCEP的建立是为了促进东亚地区乃至亚洲地区的的产业链融合,推动东亚一体化进程。

RCEP的签订为我国自由贸易试验区提供了新的机遇:其对于我国自由贸易试验区与国际投资贸易规则接轨形成更高水平的开放型经济具有积极而深远的影响。RCEP不仅在推动区域货物贸易发展方面做出诸多便利化举措,更明确了我国将以更加开放的态度对待数字贸易发展,推动数字贸易领域的区域经济一体化升级。对接RCEP将助力我国自贸试验区在国际国内双循环、区域一体化与人类命运共同体构建等国家重大战略中发挥更重要的作用。

关于我国自由贸易试验区接轨RCEP的建议

建立更加科学的管理机制。目前我国自由贸易试验区管理模式基本分为三种:政府主导型管理模式、企业主导型管理模式、政府与企业混合型管理模式。

由于我国各自由贸易试验区所处地理位置、产业特点差异较大,各自贸试验区应根据自身与RCEP成员国之间的区位优势及产业发展情况,建立符合本试验区特色的、科学的管理机制。例如,自贸试验区施行管理方与运营方分开的管理方式:地方政府考虑建立专门的试验区管理委员会进行自贸试验区的统一管理,运营则由更加市场化、更具专业性的企业负责。又如,中国(山东)自由贸易试验区毗邻日本与韩国,为更加方便的对接日韩贸易,可以参考日本和韩国自贸园区的管理方式,这样有助于加强与贸易伙伴国之间的互信,降低企业的贸易成本。

根据地方特色围绕RCEP促进产业个性化发展。我国各自贸试验区区位地缘特点、经济发展水平不同,且核心产业很难在短期内发生大的变化,这决定了我国自贸试验区之间发展水平将长期存在不平衡的现象。因此,各试验区应根据本区的产业特点与区位优势,围绕RCEP进行特色化发展,降低发展成本,避免与其他试验区的同质化竞争。例如,云南接壤缅甸,毗邻老挝、越南,是中国面向南亚和东南亚的辐射中心,具有与东盟国家合作的先天优势。中国(云南)自由贸易试验区可充分利用自身区位优势以及RCEP与中国东盟自由贸易协定的关税优惠,积极参与中越、中老泰、中印孟缅经济走廊建设,加快跨境产能、跨境金融、跨境旅游、跨境电子商务、跨境能源、跨境物流、跨境人民币业务等领域的合作,进一步推动逐步推进降低关税,形成国际接轨的税收管理体系。又如,作为我国经济中心的上海,有着优越的地理条件且海陆空交通基础设施完备。因此中国(上海)自由贸易试验区可以利用RCEP在进出口贸易中发挥的引领作用,完善RCEP区域的产业链布局,发挥教育资源和营商环境优势,积极引进产业链龙头企业。并在对接RCEP的同时,瞄准未来更高层级的自贸协定。

加强自由贸易试验区法制建设。国家要求自由贸易试验区营商环境应达到“法治化、国际化、便利化”标准,其中“法治化”是重中之重。目前,随着各级立法的逐步推进,自贸试验区的法律体系日趋丰富和细致。在与国际经贸规则衔接方面,自贸试验区的法治建设取得了一定成效,但与更加全面深化改革开放的要求,与成为全球治理制度参与者和引领者的要求相比,自贸试验区还有许多值得探索的地方。自贸试验区法制建设虽然应立足于本国实情,但世界各国自贸园区法制法规制定围绕市场开放、贸易便利化、投资自由化、国际化的经贸规则是基本一致的。在RCEP签署以后,我国自贸试验区法制建设也应不断提升开放度与透明度,接轨国际先进水平。同时其他诸多国家的自由贸易园区经过多年发展在法制建设上积累的丰富实践经验也值得我国尝试借鉴。■

文章英文版首发于《中国日报》2021年8月23日

图文编辑:柴昕彤

责任编辑:王毅博