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近日,台海局势再度成为舆论焦点,国内英文媒体在相关报道中提到“台湾问题”时,都表述为“Taiwan question”。
例如,在7月28日国防部例行记者会上,国防部新闻局局长、国防部新闻发言人吴谦大校针对“美政府近期批准新一轮对台军售”的问题称,台湾是中国的台湾,台湾问题纯属中国内政,不容美方干涉。
中国日报的报道写道:
When commenting on the United States' recent moves concerning Taiwan, Wu said the Taiwan question is purely an internal affair of China and brooks no interference from the US.
有不少读者向双语君提问,为什么“台湾问题”翻译成“Taiwan question”而不是“Taiwan issue”?
要回答这个问题,我们要先搞清楚question和issue的区别。
Question和issue的区别
▌Question
Question通常指对某件事有疑问,从而提出问题以寻求解答。
A question is something that you say or write in order to ask a person about something.
例如一些机构网站上会有FAQ(“常见问题”)的页面,英文就是frequently asked questions,或“一问一答”栏目,Q&A(questions and answers)。
Question对应的是answer,一个question总是有一个答案,或者期待能获得解答。
▌Issue
Issue通常指值得探讨的复杂问题,它总是伴随着争议(controversy)和艰难的决定(difficult decisions):
an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about 重要议题;争论的问题
尤其多指人们谈论或者争论的一个议题或话题(topic),例如,社会问题(social issues)、环境问题(environmental issues)和政治问题(political issues)。例句:
Global warming is a serious issue that must be addressed sooner rather than later. 全球变暖是一个严肃议题,必须尽早处理。
在日常使用当中,issue也可以用来谈论工作中的问题(problems at work)。
This issue keeps coming up again and again. 这个问题一直反复出现。 I just spoke with Karen. I think we might have an issue. 我刚跟凯伦聊过,我觉得我们之间有点问题。
这个词的常用搭配是“have issues”,通常指一个人心理上或者情感上不健康(mentally or emotionally unhealthy),可能需要心理医生(psychiatrist)的帮助。
She has serious anger issues. 她有很严重的易怒倾向。 Trust issues are one of the leading causes of breakups. 信任危机是人们分手的最主要的原因之一。
此外,表达你不喜欢或不同意某事,可以用词组“have an issue with ___”
I'm having an issue with John's refusing to do the dishes. 约翰不肯洗碗,我对此很不满。
“台湾问题”怎么翻译?
关于台湾问题,我们都很清楚,世界上只有一个中国,台湾自古以来就是中国领土神圣不可分割的一部分。(There is only one China in the world, and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China.)
台湾问题属于中国内政,不属于有争议的国际问题。台湾问题要得到解决,海峡两岸必须统一,这一点是明确的,不具有商量余地、更不存在巨大争议,故而不能使用“issue”。
例如,外交部发言人汪文斌在5月23日的记者会上说:
台湾问题纯属中国内政,不容任何外来干涉。在涉及中国主权和领土完整等核心利益问题上,中方没有任何妥协退让余地。 The Taiwan question is purely China’s internal affair that brooks no foreign interference. On issues concerning China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and other core interests, China has no room for compromise.
曾担任中央编译局译审的徐梅江发表过一篇《翻译创新与标准译法——十六大文件翻译札记》的文章,其中提到:
参加英文翻译组的人员中有两位来自外交部,一位是前外交部翻译室主任、驻外大使、现外交部翻译室特聘专家,另一位是副司级外交官,他们都具有丰富的翻译经验。特别是十六大报告中关于外交部分的译文,他们起了把关的作用。
给我印象最深的是,他们说,“台湾问题”应译为 the question of Taiwan 或 the Taiwan question,绝对不可译为 the issue of Taiwan 或 the Taiwan issue。解决台湾问题、实现祖国的完全统一是不容讨论的,不容任何国家和外来势力的干涉。
据美国韦氏词典,issue的相关含义恰恰是a point, matter, or question to be disputed or decided。毫无疑问,我们不能在这里使用issue这个词。“台湾问题”译为the question of Taiwan或the Taiwan question是规范的译法。当翻译涉及敏感的政治问题时,我们必须慎之又慎。
所以,将“台湾问题”翻成“Taiwan question”是符合我国原则立场的表述。
不过,很外欧美的媒体却不这么写,仍然会用Taiwan issue来描述。
在阅读外媒报道里,一定要注意到这种认识和表达上的差异性。
台湾问题与乌克兰问题
虽然从中文角度来说,“台湾问题”和“乌克兰问题”都是“问题”,不过,这两个问题却不是同一个“问题”。
下面,我们就来准确理解一下这两个问题的不同之处以及区别在哪里。
What are the differences between the Taiwan question and the Ukraine issue?
台湾问题和乌克兰问题,无论在历史渊源还是国际法法理上,都无法相提并论。
The two cannot be mentioned in the same breath either from a historical perspective or in terms of international law.
与形成今日乌克兰的漫长而复杂历史截然不同的是,台湾自古就是中国领土的一部分,其疆域和文化始终一脉相承。从12世纪开始,中国各朝代政府在台湾先后建立行政机构,行使管辖权。台湾社会发展也一直延续中华文化传统,即便在甲午战争后的日本殖民期间也是如此。1945年抗战胜利后,中国政府重新恢复了台湾省的行政机构;1949年国民党当局“退据”台湾,造成台湾与祖国的暂时隔离,但统一始终是两岸人心之所向。
There is a long and complicated history through which Ukraine has become what it is today. Unlike that, Taiwan has been an inalienable part of China since ancient times, with a consistent territory and cultural tradition. Starting from the 12th century, Chinese dynasties had successively set up administrative organizations in Taiwan to exercise jurisdiction, and the local society had carried on the traditional Chinese culture, which wasn't even disrupted or shattered during Japan's colonial rule after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). When China won the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1945, the Chinese government resumed administrative organization in Taiwan Province. Even though the KMT forces' retreat to the island in 1949 separated it from the motherland for a while, reunification across the Taiwan Straits has always been the common wish of people living on both sides.
从国际法法理看,乌克兰是一个主权国家,这一事实得到了包括联合国在内的国际社会的普遍认可。联合国官网记载,乌克兰是联合国创始会员国之一。截至2019年12月,共有183个国家与乌克兰建立正式外交关系,包括中国。俄罗斯亦承认乌克兰的主权,1991年苏联解体后双方建交,直至今年2月俄乌战争爆发后断交。
As far as international law is concerned, Ukraine is a sovereign state this is a fact universally acknowledged by the international community, including the UN, on whose official website Ukraine is recorded as one of the founding members. As of December 2019, the country had established diplomatic relations with 183 countries, including China. Its sovereignty is recognized by Russia as the two sides established diplomatic ties in 1991 after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, but that broke off as the war broke out between them in February this year.
反观台湾,自始至终都是中国的行省,并不具有主权国家地位。1971年之前,在外部势力干涉下,中国在联合国的席位被“中华民国”政府占据。随着新中国国力提升,中华人民共和国的国际影响力也越来越大。1971年10月25日,阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚等23国在联合国大会发起“两阿提案”,要求“恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的一切合法权利,立即把蒋介石集团的代表从联合国一切机构中驱逐出去”,联大以76票赞成、35票反对、17票弃权的压倒性多数通过了提案。
In contrast, Taiwan has always been a Chinese province and has never been a sovereign state. Due to the interference of external forces, China's seat at the UN was occupied by the "Republic of China" before 1971. But as the People's Republic of China grew stronger with greater international influence, on October 25, 1971, 23 countries, including Albania and Algeria, filed a motion to the UN General Assembly to restore all the lawful rights of the PRC in the United Nations and immediately expel the representatives of the Chiang Kai-shek clique from the United Nations and all its affiliated agencies. The motion proceeded to pass with an overwhelming majority of votes (76 votes for, 35 votes against and 17 abstentions).
这历史性的一刻,奠定了中华人民共和国的国际地位。从此以后,“一个中国”成为国际社会公认的原则,即︰世界上只有一个中国,台湾是中国的一部分,中华人民共和国是代表全中国的唯一合法政府。“一中原则”具有不可动摇的事实和法理基础;各国与中国建立或恢复外交关系,无不以承认“一中原则”为前提。
This historical moment established China in a new international position. From then on, the international community recognized the "One China" principle, which means that there is but one China in the world, Taiwan is part of China, and the PRC is the only legitimate government representing the whole China. The "One China" principle is built on an unshakable and indisputable factual and legal basis. All countries have established or resumed diplomatic relations with China on the premise of recognizing this principle.
来源:中国日报双语新闻(id: ChinaDaily_mobile)和中国网
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