前段时间,极端高温炙烤着川、渝以及江南多地。面对连续多日高温,许多人感到疑惑:为什么不广泛采取人工增雨措施?
人工增 雨的英语是“cloud seeding”。Seeding做名词、动词都可以表示播种,在天上播种云就是“人工增雨”,是不是很形象?
事实也的确如此。有云才有雨,并不是所有的云都有降水潜力。只有在自然云符合增雨作业条件时,人工增雨才能发挥作用。
人工增雨的云需要满足三个条件:云层厚度要大于2公里;云中要水汽充沛;有上升气流区。
人工增雨到底是如何实现的?会不会对环境造成影响?
人工增雨是如何实现的?
高空中的云是否下雨,不仅取决于云中水汽的多少,还和云中凝结核的含量有关。要形成降雨,必须满足三个条件,云中水汽充沛、上升气流运动以及足够多的凝结核(condensation nuclei)或冰核(ice nuclei)。
人工增雨通过向云中播撒催化剂(盐粉、干冰或碘化银等),或利用声波、飞秒激光、带电粒子等手段,促进水汽凝结、云滴碰并增长等云雨转化过程,从而形成降水落到地面。
图源:DRI官网
早期的做法是播撒干冰 (dry ice) ,如今常用的是碘化银 (silver iodide) 。使用碘化银是因为它的结构与天然冰晶非常相似。如果把碘化银播撒在云的上方,碘化银晶体一旦接触到云中的水分就会迅速扩散。然后冰晶便形成了一个大雨滴,穿过云层落到地面上。仅仅1克碘化银就能产生10万亿个人造冰晶。
Experts use silver iodide because its structure is very similar to natural ice crystals. When they put silver iodide in the top part of a growing cloud, the silver iodide crystal grows quickly once exposed to the cloud's moisture. Right after, the ice crystal becomes a heavy, large raindrop. It will then fall through the cloud and onto the ground. Just 1 gram of silver iodide can create up to 10 trillion artificial ice crystals.
图源:Wikipedia
碘化银有时候可能并不适用。在干旱时期,云可能无法通过这种方法产生云滴。但是,云层中仍然有很多以微小的水滴形式存在的水。在这种情况下,吸湿材料(比如普通的盐)可能更有利于人工增雨。
Sometimes, silver iodide may not be the best option. In droughts, clouds may not be able to create cloud droplets with this approach. But the clouds still have a lot of water in them, it’s just in tiny droplets. If this is the case, a hygroscopic material (like regular salt) might be a better option to cloud seed with.
播撒的方式主要有两种,一是 飞机播撒冷却剂或催化剂 ,二是向云层开炮或发射火箭。
There are two ways of adding particles to clouds: using airplanes that drop the particles from above; using large cannons that shoot particles into the sky.
图源:Wikipedia
In 2021, the United Arab Emirates began to experiment with the use of aerial drones for cloud seeding. The new twist on the old concept uses drones to cast an electric charge. This "zaps" clouds with a laser beam, which causes water droplets to combine and leads to rainfall. 2021年,阿拉伯联合酋长国开始试验使用无人机实施人工降雨。利用无人机发射电荷,使用激光束“轰击”云层,使水滴结合,从而形成降雨。
人工增雨会不会对环境造成影响?
到目前为止,专家们还没有发现使用碘化银实施人工增雨会对环境产生有害影响。在一场由人工增雨作业促进的降雨中,雨水中银的含量远低于规定的50微克/升的国家标准。而碘盐(人类食用的盐 )中的碘含量比人工增雨的雨水中的碘含量高得多。
So far, experts haven't found any harmful effects of cloud seeding with silver iodide on the environment. The concentration of silver in a storm from cloud seeding is far below the accepted limit of 50 micrograms per liter. There is a lot more iodine in iodized salt (the salt that humans eat) than there is in this form of rainwater.
图源:Minden Pictures
Even in projects that have lasted 30 to 40 years, researchers haven't found any major concerns in cloud seeding processes. Rainwater from seeding clouds doesn't taste or smell any different than regular rainwater. 即使在已经持续了30到40年的项目中,研究人员也没有发现人工增雨过程中存在任何主要问题。人工增雨的雨水在味道和气味上与普通雨水没有任何不同。
气象专家介绍,人工影响天气作业采用的催化剂主要是干冰,也就是固体二氧化碳,以及液氮、碘化银等,且每次作业只需使用少量。以常用的冷云催化剂来说,其主要成分干冰和液氮,汽化后成为二氧化碳和氮气,都是空气的主要组成元素,因此它们都是“生态安全催化剂”。
虽然实施人工增雨作业是否会对自然构成威胁尚无确切定论,但有部分专家认为,如果人工增雨在大范围内变得越来越普遍,可能会引发银中毒或环境问题。同样地,人们担心人工增雨会破坏地球的自然水量平衡,影响水分蒸发和自然降水。
While we don't know specifically if cloud seeding poses a threat, some experts believe that it could lead to silver toxicity and environmental concerns if the practice becomes common on a much larger scale. Similarly, people worry that cloud seeding could throw off earth's natural balance of moisture. They fear that this could have effects on evaporation and precipitation.
作为普通人,请和双语君一起节约用水,爱护环境,关心自然哦!
编辑:朱迪齐
实习生:林子微
来源:央视新闻 WebMD Wikipedia 中国科学院物理研究所 中国气象局
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