第六届世界顶尖科学家论坛顺利落幕以来，科学精神持续传播，学术成果持续沉淀。

本届论坛首次创设“世界顶尖科学家前沿讲堂”，包括15位诺奖得主在内的50余位世界顶尖科学家，通过每人30分钟的学术报告，分享最新的研究成果和前瞻性思考，所涉科研领域达10余个，汇成了一场星光璀璨的学术盛宴。

从1月16日开始，顶科论坛将重磅放送前沿讲堂系列英文原声学术报告，给科研工作者、科学爱好者送上一份新春馈赠。

点击预约前沿讲堂【神经科学前沿（二）】直播

【演讲嘉宾】

爱德华·莫索尔（Edvard Moser）

2014年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、挪威科技大学系统神经科学卡夫利研究所创始主任、神经计算中心联合创始主任

【演讲摘要】

Space and time in the brain: From single cells to neural networks

I will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the brain´s mechanisms for tracking space and time, brain functions that are generated not merely by integration of sensory inputs but rather by internal dynamics of neural networks in the cortex. In mammals, space is mapped by complex neural networks in the hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex. These brain areas contain specialized position-coding cell types, including the grid cells of the medial entorhinal cortex – cells that are active when animals are at specific locations that tile environments in a periodic hexagonal pattern. I will show how recent technological developments allow the dynamics of thousands of grid cells and other entorhinal neurons to be monitored during behavior. Based on experiments with these new technologies, I will show how the collective activity of grid cells operates on a low-dimensional manifold with the topology of a torus, irrespective of environment or behavior, and in agreement with the notion that the activity is constrained by the intrinsic dynamics of the local network. I will further show how time – in the form of codes for both duration and order - is encoded across seconds to minutes in the population state space of entorhinal neural networks and how specialized dynamics of entorhinal cell populations provides the brain with neural codes that uniquely express the passage of cumulative experience correlated with (but not identical to) time.

【演讲嘉宾】

托马斯・苏德霍夫 (Thomas Südhof)

2013年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主，斯坦福大学分子与细胞生理学系、神经外科系冠名教授

【演讲摘要】

The challenges of neuroscience drug development:A need for new targets in Alzheimer's Disease

（略）

【演讲嘉宾】

吉罗·麦森伯克（Gero Miesenböck）

2020年邵逸夫生命科学与医学奖得主，牛津大学神经回路与行为中心主任、生理学冠名教授

【演讲摘要】

Metabolic Origins of the Pressure to Sleep

The essential but enigmatic functions of sleep must be reflected in physical changes sensed by the brain's sleep-control systems. In Drosophila, a handful of sleep-inducing neurons adjust their electrical output to sleep need, via the antagonistic regulation of two potassium conductances: the leak channel Sandman suppresses activity during waking, whereas voltage-gated currents through Shaker support tonic firing during sleep. Insight into the sleep need-dependent regulation of these ion channels is beginning to furnish a molecular interpretation of sleep pressure, uncover the cellular processes responsible for its accumulation and discharge, and hint that the need for sleep arises from the use of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in metabolism.

【演讲嘉宾】

盖伊尔吉·布扎基（Gyorgy Buzsaki）

纽约大学比格斯神经科学教授、2011年格雷特·伦德贝克欧洲大脑研究奖得主

【演讲摘要】

Brain mechanisms of memory selection and consolidation

A general wisdom is that only selected aspects of our experiences are remembered. Extensive work over the past decades has shown that sleep plays a critical role in the consolidation process of memory. We identified a brain pattern, known as sharp wave ripple (SPW-R), that supports the “replay” of waking experience in compressed snippets (~100 ms) in the hippocampal-neocortical circuits. SPW-Rs are present in the resting waking brain, and these compressed information packages repeat fragments of learned information each night 2000 to 4000 times during nonREM sleep. However, brain mechanisms that sele_x005fct experiences for lasting memory are not known. To address the selection (or "credit assignment") problem, we combined large-scale neural recordings with a novel application of dimensionality reduction techniques in rodents. When the brain state changed from theta oscillations during maze exploration to SPW-Rs during reward consumption, the spike content of SPW-Rs decoded the trial in which they occurred. In turn, during post-experience sleep, SPW-Rs continued to replay those trials that were reactivated most frequently during waking SPW-Rs. These findings demonstrate that the replay content of awake SPW-Rs provides a tagging mechanism to select critical aspects of experience that are consolidated and preserved for future use during sleep. In related experiments, we aborted or prolonged SPW-Rs by closed-loop optogenetic methods, and demonstrate impaired and enhanced memory of the previous experience, respectively. Thus, SPW-Rs provide a hippocampal mechanism for prioritizing and tagging aspects of experience and consolidate them during post-learning sleep.

Buzsaki, G. Rhythms of the Brain (OUP 2006)

Buzsaki G. The Brain from Inside Out (OUP 2019)

Buzsaki G. How the Brain ‘Constructs’ the Outside World.

Scientific American, April 2022. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-brain-constructs-the-outside-world/

编 辑 | 秣 马

佳 莹

责 编 | 小 文