增强型地热系统的进展：实验室、数值模拟与现场研究的完美融合

摘要：

地热能源是一种清洁、可再生的能源，但传统的地热开发方式受到地质条件的限制，只能在少数天然渗透性好的地区进行。为了突破这一限制，科学家们提出了增强型地热系统（Enhanced Geothermal System，EGS）的概念。EGS是一种人工设计和工程化的热储层，通过化学刺激、水力压裂或热处理等技术，人为地提高储层的渗透性，从而实现对无天然渗透性地热资源的经济开采。近日，一项综合性研究对EGS领域的最新进展进行了全面评估，该研究综合了大量实验室实验、数值模拟和现场调查的结果，弥补了当前公开文献中对EGS研究成果总结不足的问题。这项研究强调了精确发育裂缝系统（无论是天然还是人工诱导的）对EGS项目成效的关键作用。值得一提的是，水力压裂技术已被证明是提高EGS性能的重要手段。与此同时，通过数值模拟开展的研究也得出了一致的结论：提高低渗透岩石的渗透性有利于EGS的高效利用。此外，该研究还指出，由于地下条件的不确定性，特别是对于处于开发初期阶段的项目，EGS的设计过程错综复杂、成本高昂。这项研究为研究人员和运营商提供了宝贵的参考，有助于提高地热能开采的效率和安全性，为未来更加可持续的EGS项目铺平了道路。EGS技术的进步不仅可以扩大地热能的开发范围，还能显著提高单位面积的发电量，降低开发成本。随着EGS技术的不断成熟，地热能有望在全球能源结构中占据更加重要的位置，为应对气候变化、实现碳中和目标做出更大贡献。不过，EGS技术的发展仍面临诸多挑战，例如如何控制储层的长期演化、如何降低诱发地震的风险等。这需要科学家、工程师和决策者的通力合作，在充分论证和严格监管的基础上稳步推进EGS项目。相信通过各方的共同努力，EGS技术定能不断突破瓶颈，为人类开启地热能利用的新纪元。对广大读者而言，这项研究无疑是一个令人振奋的好消息。它向我们展示了EGS技术的巨大潜力，以及科学家们为攻克难题所付出的艰辛努力。建议对新能源技术感兴趣的读者朋友们关注这一领域的最新动态，或许您的关注和支持，就是推动EGS技术进步的一份重要力量。让我们共同期待EGS技术的未来，期待地热能为我们带来更加清洁、高效、可靠的能源保障。同时也请记住，任何新技术的发展都需要时间和汗水，需要社会各界的理解和支持。让我们携手并进，用智慧和勇气开创人类能源利用的崭新时代！

作者|Jian Liu,Chun Shao,Baolin Yang,Mbega Ramadhani Ngata,Mathew Mwangomba,Sadock Josephat,Mohammed Dahiru Aminu

原题|Advances in enhanced geothermal systems Integrating laboratory, numerical and field insights

来源|Applied Thermal Engineering

小编|AInsightify

01

全文导读

增强型地热系统（EGS）作为一种可持续且清洁的能源，正因全球变暖导致的环境恶化而受到越来越多的关注。预计到2040年底，全球能源需求将增长25%，这主要是由人口增长和全球经济扩张所驱动的。面对当前和未来的能源需求，以及从化石燃料转向可再生能源以实现零排放目标的迫切需要，EGS被认为是一种特别有前景的可再生能源。

与常规地热系统相比，EGS通过人工优化设计，能够在没有天然地热系统的地点提取地热能。地下2-6公里深度通常存在温度超过150°C的热干岩（HDR），它们具有高温、低孔隙度和渗透率的特点，代表了一种可持续且环保的"绿色能源"。HDR的优势在于分布广泛、稳定可靠。

EGS项目的有效性在很大程度上取决于裂缝系统的精心开发，包括天然裂缝和通过水力压裂等刺激技术人工诱导的裂缝。高压冷水通过注入井注入岩石中，在深处提取热量后，热水通过生产井上升至地表，热量被利用并通过蒸汽轮机或二元电厂转化为电能。冷却后的水再次被注入地下吸收热量，形成一个闭环系统。二元循环技术在新建和在建的地热和EGS电厂中也得到广泛使用，其优势在于能够利用较低温度的资源高效运行。

Hu和Ghassemi进行了一项利用花岗岩通过EGS产生热量的实验，在水力压裂的火成岩块中循环冷水。实验结果表明，有效的裂缝面积而非总裂缝面积在控制EGS热采矿中起关键作用，这意味着需要优化注入/生产井之间的距离或生产者的位置以最大化有效换热面积。

过去40多年里，许多研究人员通过数值模拟、实验和试点测试研究EGS的开发，为EGS在能源领域的潜力和发展做出了贡献。法国、德国、澳大利亚、美国、韩国等国家都采用了EGS进行商业化利用。预计到2050年，EGS项目将在全球范围内继续增长，开发利用量将超过70GWe，届时全球已安装的地热项目将更多地集中在EGS项目上。

Hofmann等人对加拿大艾伯塔省EGS的潜力进行了全面研究，发现基底砂岩和库克湖地层作为热提取储层具有显著前景。中国南部地区如西藏、云南和东南沿海也拥有丰富的EGS资源，其潜力估计约为7.109TWhth。此外，各种数学模型已经对EGS运行期间岩层天然裂缝的行为进行了研究。

目前全球仅有少数商业EGS项目投入运营，这些项目规模较小，利用EGS技术从浅层地热资源中提取电力。其中最古老的商业EGS项目位于法国阿尔萨斯大区的苏尔兹，于1987年开始运营，装机容量为1.7MW，包括两个增强型储层，深度分别为10,000英尺和15,000英尺。许多研究表明，EGS可以在浅层和深层地层中利用。浅层EGS资源的深度低于10,000英尺，温度在30-150°C之间。位于地表以下数千英尺的深层地热资源具有巨大潜力，可产生清洁可靠的能源，尽管从枯竭井或缺乏天然流体的地区开采这些资源具有挑战性。EGS储层刺激和工程技术的发展克服了这些挑战，这些创新技术能够持续可靠地利用浅层EGS资源，从而促进了对深层EGS资源的开发。深层EGS资源可延伸至26,000英尺深，地下温度超过400°C。据AltaRock公司估计，一个100MW的地热电厂在200°C时需要40多口井，而在400°C时只需3口井，凸显了深层EGS资源在产生清洁能源方面的巨大潜力。

综上所述，EGS作为一种可持续的清洁能源，具有广阔的发展前景。通过实验室研究、数值分析和现场工作的结合，人们对EGS的认识不断深入，这有助于提高地热能开采的效率和安全性，为未来更可持续的EGS项目铺平道路。未来应继续加强研发力度，开展更多实验来深入理解岩石在高温高压下的行为，完善数值模型以准确预测储层特性，并通过现场测试和验证来评估EGS系统的实际性能。同时，还需加强全球范围内的合作与知识共享，集众家之力克服障碍，加速EGS的全球应用。政府的政策支持尤为重要，包括简化审批流程、提供财政激励措施以及制定明确的EGS实施指南，以确保环境可持续性和公共安全。最后，通过教育宣传提高公众意识，有助于消除对地热能的误解，凸显其作为清洁可再生能源的潜力。

02

HIGHLIGHT图片

Fig. 1 . EGS working mechanisms and the artificial fractures network for heat redistribution.

Fig. 2 . Five-spot system [28] .

Fig. 3 . Prediction of the exploitation of EGS globally [33] .

Fig. 4 . The locations of 18 operating and planned EGS sites worldwide [36] .

Fig. 5 . Reservoir lithology of EGS projects worldwide [64] .

Fig. 6 . EGS stimulation methods utilized worldwide [64] .

Fig. 7 . The recorded pressure data from wells during (a) low stress level fracturing tests (b) Injection and production wells (pressure history) [84] .

Fig. 8 . Secondary fractures [85] .

Fig. 10 . Schematic representation of stimulation techniques used in EGS [114] .

Fig. 11 . Bottomhole temperature for EGS projects worldwide [64] .

Fig. 12 . EGS projects with their flow rate in l/s [64] .

Fig. 13 . Flow and displacements processes (a) Numerical (b) Experiment results [138] .

Fig. 14 . Flow displacements processes (a) Numerical (b) Experiment results [138] .

Fig. 15 . Calcium carbonate scaling in geothermal wellbore and subsurface facilities [98] .

Fig. 16 . Challenges exhibited by EGS project (blue) and a successful site operation (red) [193] . (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

免责声明：本文仅用于学术交流和传播，不构成投资建议

参考资料：

[1] T. Guo, S. Tang, J. Sun, F. Gong, X. Liu, Z. Qu, W. Zhang A coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling and evaluation of geothermal extraction in the enhanced geothermal system based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation Appl. Energy, 258 (2020), Article 113981 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[2] I. Raphael, W. Jinjie, Z. Lin Review of CO2 injection techniques for enhanced shale gas recovery: Prospect and challenges J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 1–12 (2020) Google Scholar

[3] J. Wang, Q. Yuan, M. Dong, J. Cai, L. Yu Experimental investigation of gas mass transport and diffusion coefficients in porous media with nanopores Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 115 (2017), pp. 566-579 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[4] R. Iddphonce, J. Wang, L. Zhao Review of CO2 injection techniques for enhanced shale gas recovery: Prospect and challenges J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 77 (2020), Article 103240 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[5] H.L. Van Soest, M.G.J. den Elzen, D.P. van Vuuren Net-zero emission targets for major emitting countries consistent with the Paris Agreement Nat. Commun., 12 (2021), pp. 1-9 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[6] Y. Sun, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, X. Li, C. Sun, Z. Li Prediction and optimization of productivity and lifespan in multi-well enhanced geothermal system Appl. Therm. Eng., 234 (2023), Article 121155 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[7] F. Abdul, M.A. Aziz, R. Saidur, W.A. Wan, A. Bakar, M.R. Hainin, R. Putrajaya, N. Abdul Pollution to solution : Capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its utilization as a renewable energy source for a sustainable future Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 71 (2017), pp. 112-126, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.011 Google Scholar

[8] C. Figueres, C. Le Quéré, A. Mahindra, O. Bäte, G. Whiteman, G. Peters, D. Guan, Emissions are still rising: ramp up the cuts, (2018). Google Scholar

[9] J. Rogelj, M. Schaeffer, M. Meinshausen, R. Knutti, J. Alcamo, K. Riahi, W. Hare Zero emission targets as long-term global goals for climate protection Environ. Res. Lett., 10 (2015), Article 105007 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[10] S.C. Shandiz, B. Rismanchi, G. Foliente Energy master planning for net-zero emission communities: State of the art and research challenges Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 137 (2021), Article 110600 Google Scholar

[11] K. Oshiro, T. Masui, M. Kainuma Transformation of Japan’s energy system to attain net-zero emission by 2050 Carbon Manag., 9 (2018), pp. 493-501 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[12] H.K. Trabish, Technology Roadmap; Geothermal Heat and Power, (2011). http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2011/06/todays-study-where-geothermal-is-headed.html (accessed October 6, 2023). Google Scholar

[13] K. Menberg, S. Pfister, P. Blum, P. Bayer A matter of meters: state of the art in the life cycle assessment of enhanced geothermal systems Energy Environ. Sci., 9 (2016), pp. 2720-2743 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[14] A. Demirbas Global renewable energy projections Energy Sources, Part B, 4 (2009), pp. 212-224 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[15] E.F. Camacho, T. Samad, M. Garcia-Sanz, I. Hiskens Control for renewable energy and smart grids Impact Control Technol. Control Syst. Soc., 4 (2011), pp. 69-88 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

[16] J.W. Tester, B.J. Anderson, A.S. Batchelor, D.D. Blackwell, R. DiPippo, E.M. Drake, J. Garnish, B. Livesay, M.C. Moore, K. Nichols The future of geothermal energy Massachusetts Inst. Technol., 358 (2006) Google Scholar

[17] E. Jolie, D. Bruhn, A.L. Hernández, D. Liotta, V.H. Garduño-Monroy, M. Lelli, G.P. Hersir, C. Arango-Galván, D. Bonté, P. Calcagno, GEMex—A Mexican-European research cooperation on development of superhot and engineered geothermal systems, in: Proceedings, 2018. Google Scholar

[18] C. Baujard, A. Genter, E. Dalmais, V. Maurer, R. Hehn, R. Rosillette, J. Vidal, J. Schmittbuhl Hydrothermal characterization of wells GRT-1 and GRT-2 in Rittershoffen, France: Implications on the understanding of natural flow systems in the Rhine Graben Geothermics, 65 (2017), pp. 255-268 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[19] M. Mahmoud, M. Ramadan, K. Pullen, M.A. Abdelkareem, T. Wilberforce, A.-G. Olabi, S. Naher A review of grout materials in geothermal energy applications Int. J. Thermofluids, 10 (2021), Article 100070 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[20] D. Chandrasekharam, A. Baba High heat generating granites of Kestanbol: future enhanced geothermal system (EGS) province in western Anatolia, Turkish J. Earth Sci., 30 (2021), pp. 1032-1044 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[21] X. Cui, L.N.Y. Wong A 3D thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling model for enhanced geothermal systems Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 143 (2021), Article 104744 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[22] A. Pollack, T. Mukerji Accounting for subsurface uncertainty in enhanced geothermal systems to make more robust techno-economic decisions Appl. Energy, 254 (2019), Article 113666 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[23] P. Olasolo, M.C. Juárez, M.P. Morales, I.A. Liarte Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS): A review Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 56 (2016), pp. 133-144 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[24] F. Al Balushi, Q. Zhang, A.D. Taleghani Improving enhanced geothermal systems performance using adaptive fracture conductivity Appl. Therm. Eng., 233 (2023), Article 121206 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[25] D. Zhou, A. Tatomir, M. Sauter Thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling study of heat extraction and flow processes in enhanced geothermal systems Adv. Geosci., 54 (2021), pp. 229-240 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[26] G. Cui, W. Wang, B. Dou, Y. Liu, H. Tian, J. Zheng, Y. Liu Geothermal energy exploitation and power generation via a single vertical well combined with hydraulic fracturing J. Energy Eng., 148 (2022), p. 4021058 Google Scholar

[27] L. Wang, H. Li, X. Bu Thermo-economic investigation of binary flashing cycle for enhanced geothermal system Geothermics, 89 (2021), Article 101951 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[28] L. Hu, A. Ghassemi Heat production from lab-scale enhanced geothermal systems in granite and gabbro Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 126 (2020), Article 104205 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[29] BESTEC, Geothermal Energy from the Upper Rhine Graben, (1987). Google Scholar

[30] G. Beardsmore, A. Budd, C. Huddlestone-holmes, C. Davidson Country Update — Australia World Geotherm. Congr. (2015), pp. 19-25 Google Scholar

[31] E. Zemach, P. Drakos, A. Robertson-Tait Feasibility evaluation of an “In-Field” EGS project at Desert Peak, Nevada Trans. - Geotherm. Resour. Counc., 33 (2009), pp. 257-267 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[32] T.J. Lee, Y. Song, W.S. Yoon, K.-Y. Kim, J. Jeon, K.-B. Min, Y.-H. Cho, The First Enhanced Geothermal System Project in Korea, Proc. 9th Asian Geotherm. Symp. (2011) 7–9. Google Scholar

[33] M. Beerepoot Technology Roadmap - Geothermal Heat and Power Int. Energy Agency (2011), p. 44 http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Geothermal_Roadmap.pdf Google Scholar

[34] S.-M. Lu A global review of enhanced geothermal system (EGS) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 81 (2018), pp. 2902-2921 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[35] M. Singh, S.K. Tangirala, A. Chaudhuri Potential of CO2 based geothermal energy extraction from hot sedimentary and dry rock reservoirs, and enabling carbon geo-sequestration Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resources, 6 (2020), p. 16 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

[36] L. Nguyen Climate-Tech to Watch: Enhanced Geothermal Systems Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (2021) Google Scholar

[37] H. Hofmann, S. Weides, T. Babadagli, G. Zimmermann, I. Moeck, J. Majorowicz, M. Unsworth Potential for enhanced geothermal systems in Alberta, Canada Energy, 69 (2014), pp. 578-591 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[38] J. Zhu, K. Hu, X. Lu, X. Huang, K. Liu, X. Wu A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: Current status and prospects Energy, 93 (2015), pp. 466-483 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[39] A. Aghahosseini, C. Breyer From hot rock to useful energy: A global estimate of enhanced geothermal systems potential Appl. Energy, 279 (2020), Article 115769 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[40] R. Weijermars, D. Burnett, D. Claridge, S. Noynaert, M. Pate, D. Westphal, W. Yu, L. Zuo Redeveloping depleted hydrocarbon wells in an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) for a university campus: Progress report of a real-asset-based feasibility study, Energy Strateg. Rev., 21 (2018), pp. 191-203 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[41] R. Rozansky An innovation agenda for advanced renewable energy technologies.-geothermal power-innovation challenge# 1, ITIF-Innovation Technol Innov. Found. (2020) Google Scholar

[42] T. Hadgu, S. Karra, E. Kalinina, N. Makedonska, J.D. Hyman, K. Klise, H.S. Viswanathan, Y. Wang A comparative study of discrete fracture network and equivalent continuum models for simulating flow and transport in the far field of a hypothetical nuclear waste repository in crystalline host rock J. Hydrol., 553 (2017), pp. 59-70 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[43] F. Flow, Contemporary Understanding and Applications, Comm. Geosci. Environ. Resour. (CGER), Natl. Acad. Scince 568 (1996). Google Scholar

[44] Y.-S. Wu, On the effective continuum method for modeling multiphase flow, multicomponent transport, and heat transfer in fractured rock, Dyn. Fluids Fract. Rock (2013). Google Scholar

[45] Q. Cheng, A. Ghassemi, Numerical modeling of Newberry EGS stimulation, in: ARMA US Rock Mech. Symp., ARMA, 2016: p. ARMA-2016. Google Scholar

[46] J.E. Warren, P.J. Root The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 3 (1963), pp. 245-255 Google Scholar

[47] A. Sowiżdżał, M. Starczewska, B. Papiernik Future technology mix—enhanced geothermal system (EGS) and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)—an overview of selected projects as an example for future investments in Poland Energies, 15 (2022), p. 3505 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[48] F. Liu, Y. Kang, Y. Hu, H. Chen, X. Wang, H. Pan, J. Xie Comparative investigation on the heat extraction performance of an enhanced geothermal system with N2O, CO2 and H2O as working fluids Appl. Therm. Eng., 200 (2022), Article 117594 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[49] A. Budiono, S. Suyitno, I. Rosyadi, A. Faishal, A.X. Ilyas A systematic review of the design and heat transfer performance of enhanced closed-loop geothermal systems Energies, 15 (2022), p. 742 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[50] L. Qiu, L. He, Y. Kang, D. Liang Assessment of the potential of enhanced geothermal systems in Asia under the impact of global warming Renew Energy (2022) Google Scholar

[51] R. Moska, K. Labus, P. Kasza Hydraulic fracturing in enhanced geothermal systems—field, tectonic and rock mechanics conditions—a review Energies, 14 (2021), p. 5725 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[52] B.L.A. Isaka, P.G. Ranjith, T.D. Rathnaweera The use of super-critical carbon dioxide as the working fluid in enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs): A review study Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, 36 (2019), Article 100547 Google Scholar

[53] Y. Wu, P. Li The potential of coupled carbon storage and geothermal extraction in a CO2-enhanced geothermal system: a review, Geotherm Energy, 8 (2020), pp. 1-28 Google Scholar

[54] R. Xu, L. Zhang, F. Zhang, P. Jiang A review on heat transfer and energy conversion in the enhanced geothermal systems with water/CO2 as working fluid Int. J. Energy Res., 39 (2015), pp. 1722-1741 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[55] W.G.P. Kumari, P.G. Ranjith Sustainable development of enhanced geothermal systems based on geotechnical research–A review Earth-Science Rev., 199 (2019), Article 102955 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[56] Y. Zhang, G.-F. Zhao A global review of deep geothermal energy exploration: from a view of rock mechanics and engineering Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resources, 6 (2020), pp. 1-26 Google Scholar

[57] M.A. Palacio-Villa, D. Blessent, J. López-Sánchez, D. Moreno Enhanced geothermal systems: Review and analysis of case studies Boletín Geol., 42 (2020), pp. 101-118 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[58] P. Dobson, H. Asanuma, E. Huenges, F. Poletto, T. Reinsch, B. Sanjuan, Supercritical geothermal systems-a review of past studies and ongoing research activities, in: 42nd Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng., 2017. Google Scholar

[59] C. Langbauer, F.F. Tehrani, B. Mastobaev, A holistic review on hydraulic fracturing stimulation laboratory experiments and their transition to enhanced geothermal system field research and operations, Liq. Gaseous Energy Resour. (2021). Google Scholar

[60] T. Reinsch, P. Dobson, H. Asanuma, E. Huenges, F. Poletto, B. Sanjuan Utilizing supercritical geothermal systems: a review of past ventures and ongoing research activities, Geotherm Energy, 5 (2017), pp. 1-25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

[61] M. Loewer, M. Keim Tapping hot rocks: a review of petrothermal energy and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs) Renew. Energy Prod. Distrib. (2022), pp. 273-297 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[62] A. Sircar, K. Solanki, N. Bist, K. Yadav Enhanced geothermal systems-promises and challenges Int. J. Renew. En. Dev, 11 (2022), pp. 333-346 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[63] A. Boretti Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) a key component of a renewable energy-only grid Arab. J. Geosci., 15 (2022), pp. 1-14 Google Scholar

[64] K. Fang-chao, T. Chun-an, L.I. Ying-chun, L.I. Tian-jiao, M.E.N. Jin-long Challenges and opportunities of enhanced geothermal systems: A review Chin. J. Eng., 44 (2022), pp. 1767-1777 Google Scholar

[65] H. Tenzer Development of hot dry rock technology, Geo-Heat Cent Q. Bull., 22 (2001), pp. 14-22 Google Scholar

[66] S. Alekseenko, DEEP GEOTHERMAL HEAT OVERVIEW, in: Thermopedia, Begel House Inc., 2023. Google Scholar

[67] K. Breede, K. Dzebisashvili, X. Liu, G. Falcone A systematic review of enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems: past, present and future Geotherm. Energy, 1 (2013), pp. 1-27 Google Scholar

[68] P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, Y. Xia Experimental study of fracture evolution in enhanced geothermal systems based on fractal theory Geothermics, 102 (2022), Article 102406 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[69] Y. Zhang, Y. Wu, Y. Teng, P. Li, S. Peng Experiment study on the evolution of permeability and heat recovery efficiency in fractured granite with proppants Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resources, 8 (2022), pp. 1-19 Google Scholar

[70] S. Pokhrel, A.P. Sasmito, A. Sainoki, T. Tosha, T. Tanaka, C. Nagai, S.A. Ghoreishi-Madiseh Field-scale experimental and numerical analysis of a downhole coaxial heat exchanger for geothermal energy production Renew. Energy, 182 (2022), pp. 521-535 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[71] B. Shu, Y. Wang, R. Zhu, L. Liu, J. Tan, J. Dick Experimental study of the heat transfer characteristics of single geothermal fracture at different reservoir temperature and in situ stress conditions Appl. Therm. Eng., 207 (2022), Article 118195 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[72] M. Meng, L.P. Frash, W. Li, N.J. Welch, J.W. Carey, J. Morris, G. Neupane, C. Ulrich, T. Kneafsey Hydro-Mechanical Measurements of Sheared Crystalline Rock Fractures With Applications for EGS Collab Experiments 1 and 2 J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 127 (2022) Google Scholar

[73] J. Li, W. Ma, P. Jiang, R. Xu Heat transfer characterizations of water flow through a single fracture with integrating water dissolution effects for the Enhanced Geothermal Systems Appl. Therm. Eng., 239 (2024), Article 122133 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[74] Y. Chen, Z. Zhao, H. Peng Convective heat transfer of water flow in intersected rock fractures for enhanced geothermal extraction J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 14 (2022), pp. 108-122 View PDFView articleCrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[75] P. Yu, D. Dempsey, R. Archer Techno-Economic feasibility of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) with partially bridging Multi-Stage fractures for district heating applications Energy Convers. Manag., 257 (2022), Article 115405 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[76] M.W. McClure, R.N. Horne An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in Enhanced Geothermal Systems Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 72 (2014), pp. 242-260 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[77] R.H. Hendron, Hot dry rock at Fenton Hill, USA, Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA), 1988. Google Scholar

[78] D.W. Brown, D.V. Duchane, G. Heiken, V.T. Hriscu Mining the earth’s heat: hot dry rock geothermal energy Springer Science & Business Media (2012) Google Scholar

[79] T.S. Bennett, K. Barker Operational aspects of placing proppant in a naturally fractured geothermal reservoir Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Trans., 13 (1989), pp. 359-365 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[80] S. Zheng, S. Li, D. Zhang Fluid and heat flow in enhanced geothermal systems considering fracture geometrical and topological complexities: An extended embedded discrete fracture model Renew. Energy, 179 (2021), pp. 163-178 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[81] H.H. Abass, S. Hedayati, D.L. Meadows Nonplanar fracture propagation from a horizontal wellbore: experimental study SPE Prod. Facil., 11 (1996), pp. 133-137 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[82] S.L. Craig, K.S. Udell, J. McLennan, J. Moore, An experimental study of thermal and hydraulic geothermal reservoir stimulation of brittle impermeable material, in: Thirty-Ninth Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng. Stanford Univ. Stanford, 2014: pp. 50–55. Google Scholar

[83] T.K. Perkins, J.A. Gonzalez Changes in earth stresses around a wellbore caused by radially symmetrical pressure and temperature gradients Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 24 (1984), pp. 129-140 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[84] L. Hu, A. Ghassemi, J. Pritchett, S. Garg Characterization of laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing for EGS Geothermics, 83 (2020), Article 101706 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[85] H. Qin, Study on the transport and plugging regularity of temporary plugging agent in hot dry rock fracture under heat flow [D], Beijing Inst. Petrochemical Technol. (2021). Google Scholar

[86] P. Deb, S. Düber, C. Guarnieri Calo’Carducci, C. Clauser Laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing dataset for benchmarking of enhanced geothermal system simulation tools Sci. Data, 7 (2020), pp. 1-9 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[87] Y. Jia, C.F. Tsang, A. Hammar, A. Niemi Hydraulic stimulation strategies in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS): a review Springer International Publishing (2022), 10.1007/s40948-022-00516-w Google Scholar

[88] B. Raemy New York Canyon Stimulation TGP Development Company, LLC (2012) Google Scholar

[89] T.T. Cladouhos, S. Petty, M.W. Swyer, M.E. Uddenberg, K. Grasso, Y. Nordin Results from newberry volcano EGS demonstration, 2010–2014 Geothermics, 63 (2016), pp. 44-61 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[90] S. Fercho, J. Norbeck, E. McConville, N. Hinz, I. Wallis, A. Titov, S. Agarwal, S. Dadi, C. Gradl, H. Baca, Geology, State of Stress, and Heat in Place for a Horizontal Well Geothermal Development Project at Blue Mountain, Nevada, in: Proceedings, 48th Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng. Stanford Univ. Stanford, CA, 2023. Google Scholar

[91] T. Ader, M. Chendorain, M. Free, T. Saarno, P. Heikkinen, P.E. Malin, P. Leary, G. Kwiatek, G. Dresen, F. Bluemle Design and implementation of a traffic light system for deep geothermal well stimulation in Finland J. Seismol., 24 (2020), pp. 991-1014 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[92] G.H. Garrison, S.Þ. Guðlaugsson, L. Ádám, A. Ingimundarson, T.T. Cladouhos, S. Petty The South Hungary enhanced geothermal system (SHEGS) demonstration project GRC Trans, 40 (2016) Google Scholar

[93] K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Ree, Y. Kim, S. Kim, S.Y. Kang, W. Seo, Assessing whether the 2017 M w 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event, Science (80-.). 360 (2018) 1007–1009. Google Scholar

[94] J. Moore, J. McLennan, R. Allis, K. Pankow, S. Simmons, R. Podgorney, P. Wannamaker, J. Bartley, C. Jones, W. Rickard The Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE): an international laboratory for enhanced geothermal system technology development 44th Work. Geotherm. Reserv, Eng., Stanford University (2019), pp. 11-13 Google Scholar

[95] F. Hlousek, O. Hellwig, S. Buske, Geothermal reservoir characterization in crystalline rock using 3D seismics (Schneeberg, Germany), in: Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. Melbourne, Aust., 2015: pp. 1–8. Google Scholar

[96] A. Paulillo, L. Cotton, R. Law, A. Striolo, P. Lettieri Geothermal energy in the UK: The life-cycle environmental impacts of electricity production from the United Downs Deep Geothermal Power project J. Clean. Prod., 249 (2020), Article 119410 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[97] B. Sigfússon, A. Uihlein, 2014 JRC geothermal energy status report, (2015). Google Scholar

[98] L. Gong, D. Han, Z. Chen, D. Wang, K. Jiao, X. Zhang, B. Yu Research status and development trend of key technologies for enhanced geothermal systems Nat. Gas Ind. B, 10 (2023), pp. 140-164 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[99] B. Feng, J.N. Xu, T.F. Xu, S. Li, D. Song, M.T. Chen Application and recent progresses of chemical stimulation on hot dry rock reservoir modification J. Earth Sci. Env., 41 (2019), pp. 577-591 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[100] G.U.O. Qinghai, H.E. Tong, Z. Yaqin, L.U.O. Jin, Z. Canhai Expansion of fracture network in granites via chemical stimulation: a laboratory study Earth Sci. Front., 27 (2020), p. 159 Google Scholar

[101] S. Wang, B. Xi, Y. Wu, L. Chen, G. Xiong Experimental study on effect s of organic soil acid on the mechanical properties of granite Min. Res. Dev., 39 (2019), pp. 57-62 View PDFView articleCrossRefGoogle Scholar

[102] C. Liu, G. Feng, J. Wang, Research Frontiers of Enhanced Geothermal System Thermal Reservoir Stimulation, (2022). Google Scholar

[103] G. Pemecker, Altheim geothermal plant for electricity production by ORC-turbogenerator, Cent. d’hrydrogiologie, Univ. Neuchatel, Ed. Peter Lang, Altheim, Austria (1999). Google Scholar

[104] B.C. Buning, R.C.M. Malate, A.M. Lacanilao, F.X.M. Sta Ana, Z.F. Sarmiento, Recent experiments in acid stimulation technology by PNOC-Energy development corporation, Philippines, in: Proc. World Geotherm. Congr., 1995: pp. 1807–1812. Google Scholar

[105] B.C. Buning, R.C.M. Malate, J.J.C. Austria, M.T. Noriega, Z.F. Sarmiento, Casing perforation and acid treatment of well SK-2D Mindanao 1 Geothermal project, Philippines, in: Proc. 22nd Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng., 1997. Google Scholar

[106] R.C.M. Malate, D.M. Yglopaz, J.J.C. Austria, A.M. Lacanilao, Z.F. Sarmiento, Acid stimulation of injection wells in the Leyte Geothermal power project, Philippines, in: Proc. 22nd Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng., 1997. Google Scholar

[107] Y. Ontoy, P. Molling, T. Xu, N. Spycher, M. Parini, K. Pruess, Scaling of hot brine injection wells: supplementing field studies with reactive transport modeling, in: Proc. TOUGH Symp. 2003, 2003: pp. 12–14. Google Scholar

[108] L.A. Barrios, E. Quijano, R.E. Romero, H. Mayorga, M. Castro, J. Caldera Enhanced permeability by chemical stimulation at the Berlin Geothermal Field, El Salvador Trans. Resour. Counc. (2002), pp. 73-78 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[109] C.J. Bromley, M.A. Mongillo, L. Rybach, A. Jelacic, Y. Song, Geothermal Energy-IEA-GIA’s Efforts Towards Accelerating Development of this Global, Under-Utilized Renewable Resource, in: Renew. Energy Congr. Busan, Korea, 2008. Google Scholar

[110] M.F. Armenta, E.N.M. Barajas, M.A.T. Rodriguez, Productivity analysis and acid treatment of well AZ-9AD at the Los Azufres Geothermal field, Mexico, in: 2018. Google Scholar

[111] W.G.P. Kumari, P.G. Ranjith, M.S.A. Perera, B.K. Chen Experimental investigation of quenching effect on mechanical, microstructural and flow characteristics of reservoir rocks: Thermal stimulation method for geothermal energy extraction J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 162 (2018), pp. 419-433 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[112] A. Nygren, A. Ghassemi, Influence of cold water injection on critically stressed fractures in Coso geothermal field, CA, in: Alaska Rocks 2005, 40th US Symp. Rock Mech., OnePetro, 2005. Google Scholar

[113] M. Al-Shargabi, S. Davoodi, D.A. Wood, M. Ali, V.S. Rukavishnikov, K.M. Minaev, A critical review of self-diverting acid treatments applied to carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, Pet. Sci. (2022). Google Scholar

[114] M.A. Acosta, Experimental studies of hydro-mechanical couplings in Enhanced Geothermal Reservoirs, (2020). Google Scholar

[115] G. Axelsson, S. Thórhallsson Review of well stimulation operations in Iceland Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Trans., 33 (2009), pp. 795-800 Google Scholar

[116] K. Kitao, K. Ariki, H. Watanabe, K. Wakita Cold-water well stimulation experiments in the Sumikawa geothermal field, Japan Bull. Geotherm. Resour. Counc., 24 (1995), pp. 53-61 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[117] H. Correia, O. Sigurdsson, B. Sanjuan, H. Tulinius, E. Lasne Stimulation test of a high-enthalpy geothermal well by cold water injection Geotherm. Resour. Counc. (2000, 2000,), pp. 129-136 Google Scholar

[118] G. Bjornsson, Reservoir conditions at 3-6 km depth in the Hellisheidi geothermal field, SW-Iceland, estimated by deep drilling, cold water injection and seismic monitoring, in: Proceedings, 2004: pp. 26–28. Google Scholar

[119] G.Ó. Friğleifsson, A. Albertsson, A. Stefánsson, G. Şórólfsson, K.G. Mesfin, K. Sigurğsson, Ó. Sigurğsson, Ş. Gíslason, The Reykjanes DEEPEGS Demonstration Well–IDDP-2, (2019). Google Scholar

[120] C. Cheng, J. Herrmann, B. Wagner, B. Leiss, J.A. Stammeier, E. Rybacki, H. Milsch Long-term evolution of fracture permeability in slate: an experimental study with implications for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) Geosciences, 11 (2021), p. 443 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[121] J. Liu, Z. Wang, W. Shi, X. Tan Experiments on the thermally enhanced permeability of tight rocks: A potential thermal stimulation method for Enhanced Geothermal Systems Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. (2020), pp. 1-14 View PDFView articleGoogle Scholar

[122] A.V. Volkov, A.V. Ryzhenkov, A.V. Kurshakov, S.V. Grigoriev, V.V. Bekker Experimental study of the cooldown process for near-wellbore rocks at sustained extraction of geothermal energy Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., 12 (2017), pp. 9475-9483 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[123] K.W. Ng, R. Poudel, W. Kyle, G. Tan, R. Podgorney, A Laboratory Experimental Study of Enhanced Geothermal Systems, in: 51st US Rock Mech. Symp., OnePetro, 2017. Google Scholar

[124] C.-J. Huang, J.-C. Hsieh, D.T.W. Lin, J.-K. Kuo, Y.-C. Hu, The experimental study of heat extraction of supercritical CO2 in the geothermal reservoir, in: MATEC Web Conf., EDP Sciences, 2016: p. 4010. Google Scholar

[125] H. Wu, P. Fu, Z. Frone, M.D. White, J.B. Ajo-Franklin, J.P. Morris, H.A. Knox, P.C. Schwering, C.E. Strickland, B.Q. Roberts Modeling heat transport processes in enhanced geothermal systems: A validation study from EGS Collab Experiment 1 Geothermics, 97 (2021), Article 102254 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[126] Y. Luo, W. Xu, Y. Lei, P. Wu, G. Qin, R. Ba Experimental study of heat transfer by water flowing through smooth and rough rock fractures Energy Reports, 5 (2019), pp. 1025-1029 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[127] I.I. Hakim, N. Putra, Y. Gunawan Experimental study for heat pipe applications on low enthalpy geothermal energy utilization for agricultural products dryers J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci., 56 (2019), pp. 68-77 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[128] J.I. Jiayan, S. Xianzhi, X.U. Fuqiang, S. Guofeng, S.H.I. Yu, W. Gaosheng, S. Zihao, L.I. Shuang Effects of variable thermophysical properties of water on the heat extraction of an enhanced geothermal system: A numerical case study Appl. Therm. Eng., 217 (2022), Article 119050 Google Scholar

[129] J. Yao, X. Zhang, Z. Sun, Z. Huang, J. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Xin, X. Yan, W. Liu Numerical simulation of the heat extraction in 3D-EGS with thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling method based on discrete fractures model Geothermics, 74 (2018), pp. 19-34 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[130] Y. Tao, H. Li, J. Li, Numerical Simulation Study on Heat Transfer Mechanism of Excavation Based Enhanced Geothermal System, in: IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., IOP Publishing, 2021: p. 62102. Google Scholar

[131] S. Chen, B. Ding, L. Gong, Z. Huang, B. Yu, S. Sun, Comparison of multi-field coupling numerical simulation in hot dry rock thermal exploitation of enhanced geothermal systems, (2020). Google Scholar

[132] Y. Zeng, F. Sun, H. Zhai Numerical study on the influence of well layout on electricity generation performance of enhanced geothermal systems Processes, 9 (2021), p. 1474 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[133] Z. Lei, Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, L. Fu, Z. Hu, Z. Yu, L. Li, J. Zhou Electricity generation from a three-horizontal-well enhanced geothermal system in the Qiabuqia geothermal field, China: Slickwater fracturing treatments for different reservoir scenarios Renew. Energy, 145 (2020), pp. 65-83 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[134] S. Yang, F. Qin, J. Hu, H. Wang Thermo-hydro-mechanical optimization of the enhanced geothermal system for commercial utilization Appl. Therm. Eng., 213 (2022), Article 118641 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[135] S.M.S. Mortazavi, O.R. Beydokhti, A.R. Khoei Modeling enhanced geothermal systems using a hybrid XFEM–ECM technique Appl. Therm. Eng., 230 (2023), Article 120755 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[136] T. Yin, H. Dai, D. Zhuang, Y. Wu, Y. Chen, C. Liu, J. Su Numerical simulation study of enhanced geothermal system modification and heat mining performance under cyclic injection Appl. Therm. Eng., 122259 (2023) Google Scholar

[137] S.N. Pandey, A. Chaudhuri, S. Kelkar A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fracture aperture alteration and reservoir deformation during heat extraction from a geothermal reservoir Geothermics, 65 (2017), pp. 17-31 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[138] S.J. Bauer, Laboratory and Numerical Evaluation of EGS Shear Stimulation., Sandia National Lab.(SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States), 2016. Google Scholar

[139] K. Huang, Q. Cheng, A. Ghassemi, S.J. Bauer Evaluation of Stimulation by Shear Slip in Fractured Rock Using a 3D Coupled Thermo-Poro-Mechanical FEM Propos. J. Artic. Unpubl., 2017 (2017) Google Scholar

[140] Z. Zhou, H. Mikada, J. Takekawa, S. Xu Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing in enhanced geothermal systems considering thermal stress cracks Pure Appl. Geophys., 1–30 (2022) Google Scholar

[141] E.M. Llanos, S.J. Zarrouk, R.A. Hogarth, Simulation of the habanero enhanced geothermal system (EGS), Australia, Simulation 19 (2015) 25. Google Scholar

[142] D.C. Karvounis, Simulations of enhanced geothermal systems with an adaptive hierarchical fracture representation, (2013). Google Scholar

[143] W. Zhang, Z. Wang, T. Guo, C. Wang, F. Li, Z. Qu The enhanced geothermal system heat mining prediction based on fracture propagation simulation of thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage coupling: Insight from the integrated research of heat mining and supercritical CO2 fracturing Appl. Therm. Eng. (2022) Google Scholar

[144] M. Cecioni, M. O’Sullivan, NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HYPOTHETICAL ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS, in: Proc. 37th New Zeal. Geotherm. Work., 2015: p. 20. Google Scholar

[145] F. Parisio, K. Yoshioka Modeling fluid reinjection into an enhanced geothermal system Geophys. Res. Lett., 47 (2020) Google Scholar

[146] Y. Ma, Q. Gan, Y. Zhang, L. Zhou Numerical simulation of the heat production potential of Guide Basin in China considering the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the reservoir Geothermics, 105 (2022), Article 102508 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[147] S.N. Pandey, V. Vishal Sensitivity analysis of coupled processes and parameters on the performance of enhanced geothermal systems Sci. Rep., 7 (2017), pp. 1-14 Google Scholar

[148] F. Parisio, V. Vilarrasa, W. Wang, O. Kolditz, T. Nagel The risks of long-term re-injection in supercritical geothermal systems Nat. Commun., 10 (2019), pp. 1-11 Google Scholar

[149] P.F. Dobson, T.J. Kneafsey, S. Nakagawa, E.L. Sonnenthal, M. Voltolini, J.T. Smith, S.E. Borglin Fracture sustainability in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Experimental and modeling constraints J. Energy Resour. Technol., 143 (2021) Google Scholar

[150] C. Zhang, G. Jiang, X. Jia, S. Li, S. Zhang, D. Hu, S. Hu, Y. Wang Parametric study of the production performance of an enhanced geothermal system: A case study at the Qiabuqia geothermal area, northeast Tibetan plateau Renew. Energy, 132 (2019), pp. 959-978 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[151] H.Æ. Sigurjónsson, D. Cook, B. Davíðsdóttir, S.G. Bogason A life-cycle analysis of deep enhanced geothermal systems–The case studies of Reykjanes, Iceland and Vendenheim, France Renew. Energy, 177 (2021), pp. 1076-1086 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[152] D. Cook, H.Æ. Sigurjónsson, B. Davíðsdóttir, S.G. Bogason An environmental life cycle cost assessment of the costs of deep enhanced geothermal systems–The case studies of Reykjanes, Iceland and Vendenheim, France Geothermics, 103 (2022), Article 102425 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[153] R. Tarkowski, B. Uliasz-Misiak Prospects for the use of carbon dioxide in enhanced geothermal systems in Poland J. Clean. Prod., 229 (2019), pp. 1189-1197 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[154] Y. Lucas, V.V. Ngo, A. Clément, B. Fritz, G. Schäfer Modelling acid stimulation in the enhanced geothermal system of Soultz-sous-Forêts (Alsace, France) Geothermics, 85 (2020), Article 101772 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[155] D. Bruhn, E. Jolie, K. Kieling, E. Trumpy, D. Bonté, D. Liotta, G.P. Hersir, P. Deb, J.D. van Wees, E. Huenges, GEMex–cooperation in geothermal energy research Europe-Mexico for development of enhanced geothermal systems and superhot geothermal systems, in: Proceedings, 2020. Google Scholar

[156] C.R. Chamorro, J.L. García-Cuesta, M.E. Mondéjar, A. Pérez-Madrazo Enhanced geothermal systems in Europe: An estimation and comparison of the technical and sustainable potentials Energy, 65 (2014), pp. 250-263 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[157] L.M. Weydt, K. Bär, C. Colombero, C. Comina, P. Deb, B. Lepillier, G. Mandrone, H. Milsch, C.A. Rochelle, F. Vagnon Outcrop analogue study to determine reservoir properties of the Los Humeros and Acoculco geothermal fields, Mexico Adv. Geosci., 45 (2018), pp. 281-287 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[158] P. Calcagno, G. Evanno, E. Trumpy, L.C. Gutiérrez-Negrín, J.L. Macías, G. Carrasco-Núñez, D. Liotta Preliminary 3-D geological models of los humeros and Acoculco geothermal fields (Mexico)–H2020 GEMex project Adv. Geosci., 45 (2018), pp. 321-333 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[159] L.P. Frash, J.W. Carey, B. Ahmmed, M. Sweeney, M. Meng, W. Li, B. KC, U. Iyare, A Proposal for Safe and Profitable Enhanced Geothermal Systems in Hot Dry Rock, (n.d.). Google Scholar

[160] S.G. Hamm, A. Anderson, D. Blankenship, L.W. Boyd, E.A. Brown, Z. Frone, I. Hamos, H.J. Hughes, M. Kalmuk, A. Marble Geothermal energy R&D: an overview of the us department of energy’s geothermal technologies office J. Energy Resour. Technol., 143 (2021), Article 100801 Google Scholar

[161] M. White, T. Johnson, T. Kneafsey, D. Blankenship, P. Fu, H. Wu, A. Ghassemi, J. Lu, H. Huang, G. Neupane, The necessity for iteration in the application of numerical simulation to EGS: Examples from the EGS Collab test bed 1, in: 44th Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng., 2019. Google Scholar

[162] M. White, P. Fu, H. Huang, A. Ghassemi, The role of numerical simulation in the design of stimulation and circulation experiments for the EGS Collab project, Trans. Resour. Counc. (2017). Google Scholar

[163] P. Fu, A. Ghassemi, H. Huang, J. Rutqvist, M.D. White, B. Johnston, Numerical Simulation Applications in the Design of EGS Collab Experiment 1, Lawrence Livermore National Lab.(LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States), 2018. Google Scholar

[164] N. None, 2014 Annual Report, Geothermal Technologies Office, EERE Publication and Product Library, Washington, DC (United States), 2015. Google Scholar

[165] T.T. Cladouhos, W.L. Osborn, S. Petty, D. Bour, J. Iovenitti, O. Callahan, Y. Nordin, D. Perry, P.L. Stern, Newberry volcano EGS demonstration–phase I results, in: Proc. 37th Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng. Stanford, CA, 2012. Google Scholar

[166] J. Liu, J. Liu, X. Chen, W. Guo Volcanic natural resources and volcanic landscape protection: An overview IntechOpen (2012) Google Scholar

[167] S. Livescu, B. Dindoruk, R. Schulz, P. Boul, J. Kim, K. Wu, Geothermal and Electricity Production: Scalable Geothermal Concepts in The Future of Geothermal in Texas: Contemporary Prospects and Perspectives, UT Fac. Work. (2023). Google Scholar

[168] J. Rutqvist, P.F. Dobson, J. Garcia, C. Hartline, P. Jeanne, C.M. Oldenburg, D.W. Vasco, M. Walters The northwest Geysers EGS demonstration project, California: Pre-stimulation modeling and interpretation of the stimulation Math. Geosci., 47 (2015), pp. 3-29 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[169] Y. Yuan, T. Xu, J. Moore, H. Lei, B. Feng Coupled thermo–hydro–mechanical modeling of hydro-shearing stimulation in an enhanced geothermal system in the raft river geothermal field, USA Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 53 (2020), pp. 5371-5388 CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[170] J. Bradford, J. McLennan, J. Moore, R. Podgorney, S. Tiwari Hydraulic and thermal stimulation program at Raft River Idaho, a DOE EGS GRC Trans., 39 (2015), pp. 261-268 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[171] J. Bradford, M. Ohren, W.L. Osborn, J. McLennan, J. Moore, R. Podgorney, Thermal stimulation and injectivity testing at Raft River, ID EGS site, in: Proc. 39th Work. Geotherm. Reserv. Eng. Stanford, CA, USA, 2014. Google Scholar

[172] A.J. Bradford, J. Moore, Final Technical Report Enhanced Geothermal Systems – Concept Testing and Development at the Raft River Geothermal Field , Idaho, Univ. Utah Energy Geosci. Inst. (2016) 1–71. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1762427. Google Scholar

[173] S. Patel, Large-Scale Enhanced Geothermal System Trial Successfully Completed, (2022). https://www.powermag.com/large-scale-enhanced-geothermal-system-trial-successfully-completed/. Google Scholar

[174] J. Vidal, A. Genter, F. Chopin, E. Dalmais Natural fractures and permeability at the geothermal site Rittershoffen, France Eur. Geotherm. Congr. (2016), pp. 1-8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313902531 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

[175] G. Ravier, Rittershoffen Geothermal Heat Plant, (2020) 1–6. Google Scholar

[176] P. Schlagermann, Overview of the Soultz geothermal project, (2012) 1–67. Google Scholar

[177] A. Genter, X. Goerke, J.-J. Graff, N. Cuenot, G. Krall, M. Schindler, G. Ravier Current Status of the EGS Soultz Geothermal Project (France) Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. (2010), pp. 25-29 Google Scholar

[178] C.E. Bachmann, S. Wiemer, J. Woessner, S. Hainzl, Statistical analysis of the induced Basel 2006 earthquake sequence: Introducing a probability-based monitoring approach for Enhanced Geothermal Systems, Geophys. J. Int. 186 (2011) 793–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05068.x. Google Scholar

[179] M.O. Häring, U. Schanz, F. Ladner, B.C. Dyer Characterisation of the Basel 1 enhanced geothermal system Geothermics, 37 (2008), pp. 469-495, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.06.002 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[180] G. Blöcher, T. Reinsch, J. Henninges, H. Milsch, S. Regenspurg, J. Kummerow, H. Francke, S. Kranz, A. Saadat, G. Zimmermann, E. Huenges Hydraulic history and current state of the deep geothermal reservoir Groß Schönebeck Geothermics, 63 (2016), pp. 27-43, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.008 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[181] E. Chabora, E. Zemach, Desert Peak EGS Project, Geotherm. Technol. Off. 2015 Peer Rev. (2013). https://www4.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/sites/default/files/documents/desert_peak_egs_peer2013.pdf. Google Scholar

[182] M. Walters, Demonstration of an Enhanced Geothermal System at the Northwest Geysers Geothermal Field, CA, Geotherm. Technol. Off. 2013 Peer Rev. (2013). https://www4.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/sites/default/files/documents/egs_calpine_peer2013.pdf. Google Scholar

[183] G. Liu, Z. Yuan, C. Zhou, Z. Fu, Z. Rao, S. Liao Heat extraction of enhanced geothermal system: Impacts of fracture topological complexities Appl. Therm. Eng., 219 (2023), Article 119236 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[184] L. Zhang, J. He, H. Wang, X. Cen Study on heat extraction characteristics in a rock fracture for the application of enhanced geothermal systems Geothermics, 106 (2022), Article 102563 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[185] G.T. Office Enhanced geothermal systems demonstration projects Energy.GOV, 132 (2019), pp. 19-32 Google Scholar

[186] A. Anderson, B. Rezaie Geothermal technology: Trends and potential role in a sustainable future Appl. Energy, 248 (2019), pp. 18-34 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[187] D. Bruhn, E. Huenges, K. Áǵustsson, A. Zang, G. Kwiatek, X. Rachez, S. Wiemer, J. van Wees, P. Calcagno, T. Kohl, Geothermal engineering integrating mitigation of induced seismicity in reservoirs-The European GEISER project, (2011). Google Scholar

[188] E. Majer, J. Nelson, A. Robertson-Tait, J. Savy, I. Wong Protocol for addressing induced seismicity associated with enhanced geothermal systems US Dep. Energy, 52 (2012), p. 1219482 Google Scholar

[189] A. Mignan, D. Karvounis, M. Broccardo, S. Wiemer, D. Giardini Including seismic risk mitigation measures into the Levelized Cost Of Electricity in enhanced geothermal systems for optimal siting Appl. Energy, 238 (2019), pp. 831-850 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar

[190] L. Frith, Geothermal Energy: The Challenges and Developments, (2021). https://www.electronicspoint.com/research/geothermal-energy-the-challenges-and-developments/. Google Scholar

[191] D.J. Entingh, Geothermal well stimulation experiments in the United States, in: Proceedings, 2000: pp. 3689–3694. Google Scholar

[192] P.E. Rose Creation of an enhanced geothermal system through hydraulic and thermal stimulation Energy and Geoscience Institute at, the University of Utah (2013) Google Scholar

[193] A. Pollack, R. Horne, T. Mukerji, What are the challenges in developing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)? Observations from 64 EGS sites, in: Proc. World Geotherm. Congr., 2020. Google Scholar

本文转自：新能源多能互补前沿

东合南是装配式钢结构基坑支护技术专家，

该技术适用于三层以内地下室开挖（15米挖深），

具有高安全、工期短（节约工期30%以上）、

造价低（节省造价10%以上）、循环使用等优势。

百度搜索东合南（www.geoseu.cn）看更多案例。

欢迎拨打技术咨询免费热线：4008786641