站在巨人的肩膀上：运动生理学100篇必读论文|审稿人|巨人的肩膀|生理学|科学杂志|论文

作者：Jos J. de Koning（荷兰阿姆斯特丹运动科学学院），Carl Foster（美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校）

来源：International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance，28 Jun 2024

“站在巨人的肩膀上”是一个比喻，意思是在科学上，我们是通过在前人的发现的基础上取得进步的。这个概念可以追溯到 12 世纪，由沙特尔的伯纳德提出，在早期科学史上随处可见。最具体的说法是艾萨克·牛顿在 1675 年写给罗伯特·胡克的一封信：“如果我比别人看得更远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。”这个表述被广泛理解为科学知识是一个人当前工作的总结，应用于现有的知识体系，即使该知识体系的某些部分不再完全正确。从培养年轻学者的角度来看，我们认为这意味着学生的基础取决于他们学习、理解和整合关于任何特定主题的现有知识体系（例如，我们知道什么，我们需要知道什么，以及通过观察或实验，我们现在知道了什么）。

2012 年初，在荷兰兰格拉尔湖边散步时，我们发现，我们共同的经历是，许多学生对运动生理学的“深厚历史”的理解普遍不足。虽然他们似乎对与当前研究项目相关的当代文献很了解，事实上大多数期刊都鼓励使用最近的参考文献，但我们担心他们对较新的文献的理解不足，以至于无法理解科学探究的本质是科学的“自我修正”性质，科学真理是短暂的，总会有更好的解释来解释事物的运作方式。因此，我们问自己，我们是否可以列出一份必读书籍清单，为当代研究提供视角，并以此提供“巨人的肩膀”，让年轻学者“看得更远”。

方法

与人们提出的所有问题一样，在找到回答问题的方法之前也有一个演变过程。首先，我们列出了大约十几个人在担任《国际运动生理学和表现杂志》（IJSPP）编辑期间与之通信。我们写信给这个小组，请他们提名 10 到 20 篇可能适合列入名单的论文，名义上是 100 篇论文，这些论文对于运动生理学（研究生）的学生来说是必不可少的。我们还请他们特别考虑哪些论文可以被视为“早期论文”，从 August Krogh（1920 年）和 AV Hill（1922 年；大约 100 年前）获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的时间范围开始，到 1973 年，以及“当代”论文（1973 年之后）。我们的“裁判”测试组返回了一份有趣的列表，其中有相当大的重叠，这向我们表明，确实有可能建立一份可能代表“巨人的肩膀”的论文列表。唉，尽管这个概念很有希望，但我们有课要教，有论文项目要指导，还有行政工作要做，而100 篇基本论文项目被搁置了，经常被讨论，但尚未完成。

2021 年，我们中的一位从教职岗位上退休，这为恢复项目工作腾出了时间。经过一番讨论，我们想出了一种方法，即向大量“专家”征求他们对什么是重要论文的意见。我们选择这种方法而不是依赖引用列表，因为我们认为专家的明智意见比严格的定量指标更有价值。我们列出了 52 名运动生理学或体育科学家作为裁判（包括美国运动医学院 [ACSM] 的 6 名前任院长、IJSPP的所有 5 名编辑、 IJSPP的所有现任副主编、运动医学和科学[ MSSE ]的 2 名编辑和欧洲体育科学杂志的 1 名编辑）。我们重复了早期的流程，要求他们提名约 25 篇论文列入名单，其中至少 25% 的提名来自“早期”论文。由于我们作为IJSPP编辑的独特历史（C. Foster = 2010–2013，JJ de Koning = 2018–2021），审稿人名单在某种程度上以IJSPP为中心（运动相关应用生理学），尽管我们有意纳入了兴趣比 IJSPP 更广的生理学家。我们尽最大努力拥有一份相对于研究专业、地域和性别多样化的审稿人名单。任何被提名的论文，哪怕只有一次，都会被列入提名论文名单。然后，这份名单被发回给审稿人，并指示他们找出“100 篇最重要的论文”，但不要试图对它们进行排序，只需在“100 篇”中包括或排除即可。这样做是因为我们想建立一个我们认为学生应该广泛阅读的清单。我们特别不想确定一篇“获胜”的论文，我们的目标是创建一个教育工具，而不是举办一场“选举可能被窃取”的竞赛。再次，审稿人被要求从“早期”论文中选出至少 25% 的论文。然后根据审稿人的投票，将论文归类为“100 篇必读论文”或“100 篇必读论文”名单中不包含的论文。

提名论文和/或投票的审稿人是：Barbara Ainsworth、James Anholm、Renato Barroso、Ralph Beneke、Daniel Bok、Daniel Boullosa、Martin Buchheit、Arturo Casado、Karim Chamari、Stephen Cheung、Cristina Cortis、Aaron Coutts、Hein Daanen、Brian Dawson、Larry Durstine、Marc Francaux、Bruce Gladden、Shona Halson、Thomas Haugen、Florentina Hettinga、Oliver Hue、Blair Johnson、Andrew Jones、Michael Joyner、Larry Kenney、Don Kirkendall、Rob Lamberts、Alejandro Lucia、Mike McGuigan、Romain Meeusen、Inigo Mujika、Kathy Myberg、Fabio Nakamura、Sophia Nimphius、Dionne Noordhof、Maria Francesca Piacentini、David Pyne、Bart Roelands、Øyvind Sandbakk、Stephen Seiler， James Skinner、Sabrina Skorski-Forster、Alan St Clair Gibson、Trent Stellingwerff、Oscar Suman、Espen Tønnesson、Christian Thiel、Alex Urhausen、Lutz Vogt 和 Randy Wilber。我们感谢他们，特别是因为这个过程比我们预期的要长。

结果

从 2012 年和 2022 年的综合调查来看，专家提名了 396 篇论文。在这些被提名的论文中，有 298 篇发表于 1973 年之后。提名论文的名单可以在补充材料（可在线获取）。我们选择在 2018 年截止名单，首先是因为 1923 年、1973 年和 2018 年大致是 50 年的时间段，其次是因为很难评估近期论文的长期价值，而 5 年（2018-2023 年）似乎是一个合理的截止点。

审稿人投了 4722 票。得票最高的 100 篇论文占总票数的 51% (2406)。“100 篇必读论文”名单中共有 37 篇论文发表于 50 多年前。“100 篇必读论文”如下。但重要的是要明白，有大约 200 篇论文“本来可以”入选。事实上，我们最大的讨论和争论是，是否要列出一个更大的名单（最终，我们决定只列出 100 篇），还是包括一些我们认为是真正的经典（超出审稿人投票）但没有获得投票的论文，或者只列出几篇获得投票但讲述相同故事的论文中的一篇。不可避免的是，作为名单的制定者，我们被提名和投票过多，我们确实试图纠正这种情况。此外，除了极少数例外，这份名单中关于健康和运动或临床生理学的内容太少，投票以IJSPP为中心，我们的裁判也是如此。最后，这份名单是我们最好的名单，喜欢还是讨厌，它都是我们的。我们希望你和你的学生觉得它有用。

100 篇必读论文

我们进行调查的目的是为（研究生）学生创造“巨人的肩膀”，让他们“站在巨人的肩膀上”，熟悉体育和运动生理学领域。科学文献数量庞大，而且增长速度很快。即使使用先进的搜索引擎，浏览这些信息也很困难。这份由我们的“裁判”协助起草的清单可以帮助您掌握该领域。我们打算纳入一定比例的旧稿件。许多选定的旧稿件为至今仍有意义的理论和概念奠定了基础（例如乳酸代谢）。理解已经发生变化，通常是在更好的技术和研究方法的帮助下，但当概念发起者的工作被人知晓时，理解就会更深入。从我们的角度来看，科学是一个进化过程，对最终真理的探索将永远持续下去，因为科学具有自我修正的能力。

“100” 份名单有许多局限性。首先，如果有 50 位不同的专家（和 2 位不同的作者）参与提名和投票过程，100 篇重要论文的名单会有所不同。这些专家主要集中在IJSPP周围，这导致对运动生理学和表现的偏见。我们鼓励在体育科学的其他领域进行类似的调查，以帮助学生浏览文献。在非常“成熟”的期刊中，例如《应用生理学杂志》或MSSE，甚至可以从单个期刊中列出 100 篇重要论文。其次，选择过程不是基于对文献计量数据的科学分析，这导致一些被引用率较高的作者未被列入名单。这不应被视为取消资格，而应被视为上述偏见的结果。第三，专家组被要求提名自 Krogh（1920）和 Hill（1922）获得诺贝尔奖以来发表的论文。我们认识到，重要的发现是在 20 世纪之前做出的，这次事件对我们来说只是一个方便的里程碑。最后，提名过程持续了 10 年。所有提名都是在 2012 年或 2022 年进行的，投票是在 2022 年进行的，因此预计这不会对评分产生任何影响。

我们没有提供运动和运动生理学领域的历史年表，而是选择将 100 篇论文分为多个子类别：肌肉生理学（1 - 5）；肌肉能量学/新陈代谢（6 - 20）；有氧运动/最大摄氧量（21 - 37）；无氧运动（38 - 42）；疲劳/努力感知（43 - 47）；耐力训练（48 - 58）；阻力训练（59 - 61）；高强度训练（62、63）；高原（64 - 67）；监测训练/过度训练（68 - 72）；周期化/减量训练（73 - 75）；热生理学（76、77）；表现（78 - 96）；身体活动与健康（97 - 100）。具体见文末列表清单。

实际应用和结论

这份 100 篇必读论文清单将提供当代研究和“巨人的肩膀”的视角，使年轻学者能够“看得更远”，或了解他们“来自哪里”。此外，它旨在帮助年轻学者认识到“坏科学”非常少，只是更多的当代科学通过更好的观察（技术）或更好的实验设计、数据分析和/或解释进行了“自我修正”。它还旨在让学生明白，由于过去可用的技术（缺乏），一些早期科学需要历史科学家的巨大直觉飞跃。这就是为什么这些人（Krogh、Hill、Dill、di Prampero、Margaria、Robinson、Astrand、Saltin 等）享有如此巨大的声誉。他们做了一些根本性的好事，为我们所有人创造了“肩膀”。

运动生理学 100 篇必读论文清单

100 Essential Papers in Sport and Exercise Physiology

Muscle Physiology

1. Krogh A. The number and distribution of capillaries in muscles with calculations of the oxygen pressure head necessary for supplying the tissue. J Physiol. 1919;52(6):409–415. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1919. sp001839

2. Hill AV. The mechanism of muscular contraction. Physiol Rev. 1922; 2(2):310–341. doi:10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.310

3. Huxley AF, Niedergerke R. Structural changes in muscle during contraction; interference microscopy of living muscle fibres. Nature. 1954;173(4412):971–973. doi:10.1038/173971a0

4. Costill DL, Fink WJ, Pollock ML. Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities of elite distance runners. Med Sci Sports. 1976;8(2): 96–100.

5. Thorstensson A, Karlsson J. Fatiguability and fibre composition of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1976;98(3):318–322. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10316.x

Muscular Energetics/Metabolism

6. Krogh A, Lindhard J. The relative value of fat and carbohydrate as sources of muscular energy: with appendices on the correlation between standard metabolism and the respiratory quotient during rest and work. Biochem J. 1920;14(3–4):290–363. doi:10.1042/bj0140290

7. Hill AV, Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Quart J Med. 1923;16(62):135–171. doi:10. 1093/qjmed/os-16.62.135

8. Dill DB, Edwards HT, Talbott JH. Studies in muscular activity: VII. factors limiting the capacity for work. J Physiol. 1932;77(1):49–62. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002949

9. Margaria R, Edwards HT, Dill DB. The possible mechanisms of contracting and paying the oxygen debt and the role of lactic acid in muscular contraction. Am J Physiol. 1933;106(3):689–715. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1933.106.3.689

10. Bergström J, Hultman E. Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: an enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man. Nature. 1966; 210(5033):309–310. doi:10.1038/210309a0

11. Bergström J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967; 71(2):140–150. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x

12. Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;71(2):129–139. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03719.x

13. Karlsson J, Saltin B. Lactate, ATP, and CP in working muscles during exhaustive exercise in man. J Appl Physiol. 1970;29(5):596–602. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1970.29.5.598

14. Krebs HA. The history of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Perspect Biol Med. 1970;14(1):154–170. doi:10.1353/pbm.1970.0001

15. Karlsson J, Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen, and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. 1971;31(2):203–206. doi:10.1152/jappl. 1971.31.2.203

16. Saltin B. Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. Med Sci Sports. 1973; 5(3):137–146.

17. Essén B, Jansson E, Henriksson J, Taylor AW, Saltin B. Metabolic characteristics of fibre types in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1975;95(2):153–165. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1975.tb10038.x

18. di Prampero PE. Energetics of muscular exercise. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1981;89:143–222. doi:10.1007/BFb0035266

19. Gladden LB. 200th anniversary of lactate research in muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008;36(3):109–115. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e3181 7c0038

20. Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, DiMenna F, Fulford J, Poole DC. Muscle metabolic responses to exercise above and below the “critical power” assessed using 31P-MRS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;294(2):R585–R593. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00731.2007

Aerobic Work/VO2max

21. Taylor HL, Buskirk E, Henschel A. Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. J Appl Physiol. 1955;8(1):73–80. doi:10.1152/jappl.1955.8.1.73

22. Mitchell JH, Sproule BJ, Chapman CB. The physiological meaning of the maximal oxygen intake test. J Clin Invest. 1958;37(4):538–547. doi:10.1172/JCI103636

23. Astrand PO, Saltin B. Maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in various types of muscular activity. J Appl Physiol. 1961;16:977–981. doi:10.1152/jappl.1961.16.6.977

24. Astrand PO, Cuddy TE, Saltin B, Stenberg J. Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. J Appl Physiol. 1964;19:268–274. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.268

25. Saltin B, Stenberg J. Circulatory response to prolonged severe exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1964;19:833–838. doi:10.1152/jappl. 1964.19.5.833

26. Holloszy JO. Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1967;242(9):2278–2282.

27. Saltin B, Astrand PO. Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1967;23(3):353–358. doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353

28. Costill DL, Bowers R, Branam G, Sparks K. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise on successive days. J Appl Physiol. 1971;31(6):834–838. doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.31.6.834

29. Whipp BJ, Wasserman K. Oxygen uptake kinetics for various intensities of constant-load work. J Appl Physiol. 1972;33(3):351– 356. doi:10.1152/jappl.1972.33.3.351

30. Costill DL, Thomason H, Roberts E. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Med Sci Sports. 1973;5(4): 248–252.

31. Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1973; 35(2):236–243. doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.2.236

32. Brooks GA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985;17(1): 22–34.

33. Howley ET, Bassett DR, Welch HG. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(9): 1292–1301.

34. Dempsey JA, Wagner PD. Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1999;87(6):1997–2006. doi:10. 1152/jappl.1999.87.6.1997

35. Wagner PD. New ideas on limitations to VO2max. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2000;28(1):10–14.

36. Levine BD. VO2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? J Physiol. 2008;586(1):25–34. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007. 147629

37. Poole DC, Barstow TJ, McDonough P, Jones AM. Control of oxygen uptake during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(3):462–474. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31815ef29b

Anaerobic Work

38. Komi PV, Rusko H, Vos J, Vihko V. Anaerobic performance capacity in athletes. Acta Physiol Scand. 1977;100(1):107–114. doi:10.1111/j. 1748-1716.1977.tb05926.x

39. Bar-Or O, Dotan R, Inbar O, Rothstein A, Karlsson J, Tesch P. Anaerobic capacity and muscle fiber type distribution in man. Int J Sports Med. 1980;1(2):82–85. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034636

40. Brooks GA. The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18(3):360–368. doi:10.1249/00005768-19860 6000-00019

41. Medbø JI, Mohn AC, Tabata I, Bahr R, Vaage O, Sejersted OM. Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2 deficit. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(1):50–60. doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64. 1.50

42. Billat VL, Sirvent P, Py G, Koralsztein JP, Mercier J. The concept of maximal lactate steady state: a bridge between biochemistry, physiology and sport science. Sports Med. 2003;33(6):407–426. doi:10. 2165/00007256-200333060-00003

Fatigue/Perception of Effort

43. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–381.

44. Borg G, Hassmén P, Lagerström M. Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1987;56(6):679–685. doi:10.1007/BF00424810

45. Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72(5):1631–1648. doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5. 1631

46. Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev. 1994; 74(1):49–94. doi:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.49

47. Gollnick PD, Piehl K, Saltin B. Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates. J Physiol. 1974;241(1):45–57. doi:10.1113/ jphysiol.1974.sp010639

Endurance Training

48. Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1957;35(3):307– 315.

49. Ekblom B, Astrand PO, Saltin B, Stenberg J, Wallström B. Effect of training on circulatory response to exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1968; 24(4):518–528. doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.24.4.518

50. Saltin B, Blomqvist G, Mitchell JH, Johnson RL, Wildenthal K, Chapman CB. Response to exercise after bed rest and after training. Circulation. 1968;38(suppl 5):71–78.

51. Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saltin B, Saubert CW, Sembrowich WL, Shepherd RE. Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1973;34(1): 107–111. doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.34.1.107

52. Banister EW. A systems model of training for athletic performance. Aust J Sports Med. 1975;7(3):57–61.

53. Saltin B, Nazar K, Costill DL, et al. The nature of the training response; peripheral and central adaptations of one-legged exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1976;96(3):289–305. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716. 1976.tb10200.x

54. Donovan CM, Brooks GA. Endurance training affects lactate clearance, not lactate production. Am J Physiol. 1983;244(1):E83–E92. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1983.244.1.E83

55. Holloszy JO, Coyle EF. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol. 1984; 56(4):831–838. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.4.831

56. Coyle EF, Martin WH, Sinacore DR, Joyner MJ, Hagberg JM, Holloszy JO. Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. J Appl Physiol. 1984;57(6): 1857–1864. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857

57. Bouchard C, An P, Rice T, et al. Familial aggregation of VO2max response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE family study. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87(3):1003–1008. doi:10.1152/jappl. 1999.87.3.1003

58. Seiler S. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010;5(3):276–291. doi:10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276

Resistance Training

59. Häkkinen K. Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations during strength and power training. A review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1989;29(1):9–26.

60. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687–708. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670

61. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(4):674–688. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000121945.36635.61

High-Intensity Training

62. Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: optimising training programmes and maximizing performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2002; 32(1):53–73. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232010-00003

63. Gibala MJ, Little JP, van Essen M, et al. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol. 2006; 575(Pt 3):901–911. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112094

Altitude

64. West JB, Lahiri S, Gill MB, Milledge JS, Pugh LG, Ward MP. Arterial oxygen saturation during exercise at high altitude. J Appl Physiol. 1962;17:617–621. doi:10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.617

65. Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. “Living high-training low”: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1997;83(1):102–112. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.102

66. Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. “Living high-training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91(3):1113–1120. doi:10. 1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1113

67. Lundby C, Millet GP, Calbet JA, Bärtsch P, Subudhi AW. Does “altitude training” increase exercise performance in elite athletes? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(11):792–795. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012- 091231

Monitoring Training/Overtraining

68. Bruin G, Kuipers H, Keizer HA, Vander Vusse GJ. Adaptation and overtraining in horses subjected to increasing training loads. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76(5):1908–1913. doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.5.1908

69. Foster C. Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(7):1164–1168. doi:10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023

70. Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J, et al. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15(1):109–115.

71. Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(1):186–205. doi:10. 1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a

72. Kellmann M, Bertollo M, Bosquet L, et al. Recovery and performance in sport: consensus statement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018; 13(2):240–245. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759

Periodization/Tapering

73. Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I. Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8): 1358–1365. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0

74. Pyne DB, Mujika I, Reilly T. Peaking for optimal performance: research limitations and future directions. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(3): 195–202. doi:10.1080/02640410802509136

75. Mujika I, Halson S, Burke LM, Balagué G, Farrow D. An integrated, multifactorial approach to periodization for optimal performance in individual and team sports. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13(5): 538–561. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093

Thermophysiology

76. Saltin B, Hermansen L. Esophageal, rectal, and muscle temperature during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21(6):1757–1762. doi:10.1152/ jappl.1966.21.6.1757

77. Rowell LB. Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev. 1974;54(1):75–159. doi:10.1152/ physrev.1974.54.1.75

Performance

78. Hill AV. The physiological basis of athletic records. Nature. 1925; 116(2919):544–548. doi:10.1038/116544a0

79. Robinson S, Edwards HT, Dill DB. New records in human power. Science. 1937;85(2208):409–410. doi:10.1126/science.85.2208.409

80. Margaria R, Cerretelli P, Aghemo P, Sassi G. Energy cost of running. J Appl Physiol. 1963;18:367–370. doi:10.1152/jappl.1963. 18.2.367

81. Monod H, Scherrer J. The work capacity of a synergic muscular group. Ergonomics. 1965;8(3):329–338. doi:10.1080/001401365089 30810

82. Pugh LG. The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or vertical forces. J Physiol. 1971;213(2):255–276. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1971. sp009381

83. Ekblom B, Goldbarg AN, Gullbring B. Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion. J Appl Physiol. 1972;33(2):175–180. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.2.175

84. di Prampero PE, Atchou G, Brückner JC, Moia C. The energetics of endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1986;55(3):259–266. doi:10. 1007/BF02343797

85. Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hopper MK, Walters TJ. Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1988;64(6):2622–2630. doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.6.2622

86. Bouchard C, Chagnon M, Thibault MC, et al. Muscle genetic variants and relationship with performance and trainability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21(1):71–77. doi:10.1249/00005768-198902000-00013

87. van Ingen Schenau GJ, de Koning JJ, de Groot G. A simulation of speed skating performances based on a power equation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(5):718–728. doi:10.1249/00005768-1990 10000-00026

88. Joyner MJ. Modeling: optimal marathon performance on the basis of physiological factors. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1991;70(2): 683–687. doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.683

89. Daniels J, Daniels N. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(4):483–489.

90. Coyle EF. Physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2(3):181–189. doi:10.1016/s1440- 2440(99)80172-8

91. Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):70–84. doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012

92. Noakes TD, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV. From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: summary and conclusions. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(2):120–124. doi:10.1136/bjsm. 2003.010330

93. Joyner MJ, Coyle EF. Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):35–44. doi:10.1113/ jphysiol.2007.143834

94. Joyner MJ, Ruiz JR, Lucia A. The two-hour marathon: who and when? J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 2011;110(1):275–277. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00563.2010

95. Vanhatalo A, Jones AM, Burnley M. Application of critical power in sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011;6(1):128–136. doi:10.1123/ ijspp.6.1.128

96. de Koning JJ, Foster C, Bakkum A, et al. Regulation of pacing strategy during athletic competition. PloS One. 2011;6(1):e15863. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015863

Physical Activity and Health

97. Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108(3): 161–175. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112608

98. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA. 1989;262(17):2395–2401. doi:10.1001/jama.262.17.2395

99. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273(5): 402–407. doi:10.1001/jama.273.5.402

100. Booth FW, Chakravarthy MV, Gordon SE, Spangenburg EE. Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 2002; 93(1):3–30. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00073.2002

来源：运动科学论坛

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