美国网友问：为什么曾经入侵中国的北方游牧蛮族都被中国文化同化了？带着这个疑问她获得了很多解答。
Chang Wanyan的回答
I think I am very qualified to answer this question, because I am Manchu, so I am one of those "northern barbarians" in your mouth.
我认为我非常有资格回答这个问题，因为我是满族人，所以我自己就是你口中那些“北方蛮族”之一。
To be honest, I have to say that there are some problems with this question itself. Because most of these ethnic groups are part of China. They marched south decades ago, trying to get rid of the oppression of the Central Plains dynasty, or seize food, wealth and power. But before that, they had already sworn allegiance to the emperor. It has always been like this. I can't remember any completely foreign barbarians successfully conquering China. Yes, we are the barbarians in your mouth, but we are the barbarians of China.
恕我直言，我不得不说这个问题本身就存在一些问题，因为这些民族本来都是中国的一部分，他们在几十年前就向南方进军，试图摆脱中原封建王朝的压迫，或者夺取食物、财富和权力，但在此之前他们早已向皇帝宣誓效忠。一直以来都是如此，我不记得有任何完全外来的野蛮人成功征服过中国。是的，我们是你口中的野蛮人，但我们是中国的野蛮人。
Therefore, this is more like a successful domestic rebellion one after another. The biggest difference between it and the typical peasant uprising of the Han nationality lies in the ethnic group that rose in rebellion.
因此，这更像是一次次成功的国内叛乱，它与典型的汉族农民起义的最大区别在于起义的民族。
Returning to the key points of the question, this also means that Confucianization had already begun long before they marched south. At that time, these ethnic groups already had a large number of Han people under their rule. And there are usually a considerable number of Han people in the army, serving as advisers and sometimes as soldiers.
回到问题的要点，这也意味着儒家化在他们向南进军之前很久就已经开始了。在那个时候，这些民族已经在他们的统治下有了大量的汉族人口。而且军队中通常有相当数量的汉族人，担任顾问，有时也作为士兵。
Once they defeated the dynasty they had previously sworn allegiance to, they established a new dynasty under the advice of Han intellectuals or their own Confucianized people. Because otherwise, the only thing they can do is loot everywhere and then withdraw to the north.
一旦他们打败了他们之前效忠的王朝，他们就在汉族知识分子或他们自己被儒家化的人的建议下建立了一个新的王朝，因为否则，他们唯一能做的就是四处抢劫然后撤回北方。
You need to understand Confucianism. In particular, its governance method is the only governance method of agricultural culture known to East Asian ethnic groups - this includes the Han nationality, northern nomads, Japanese and Koreans. (China's native land is agricultural culture, while we barbarians live a nomadic or hunting life, in case you don't know.) Therefore, if the new ruling class wants to maintain power, wealth and control over their newly acquired land and population, the only thing they can do is to do it in a Confucian way.
你需要理解儒家思想，特别是它的治理方式是东亚民族所知道的农业文化的唯一治理方式——这包括汉族、北方游牧民族、日本人和韩国人。（中国本土是农业文化，而我们野蛮人过着游牧或狩猎生活，以防你不知道。）因此，如果新的统治阶级想要维持对他们新获得的土地和人口的权力、财富和控制，他们唯一能做的就是以儒家的方式去做。
This means that the new ruling class needs to be Confucianized in any case in order to rule this country. Here are three perfect examples of this:
这意味着新的统治阶级无论如何都需要被儒家化，才能统治这个国家。这里有三个这样的完美例子：
Wanyanliang, Yelü Chucai, Nalan Xingde.
完颜亮、耶律楚材、纳兰性德
As for the ordinary people of this new ruling ethnic group, we/they began to live together with the Han people. The Han people have always been and will always be the vast majority of this country and are usually your neighbors. Even if you try hard, you cannot resist this assimilation. (Yes, most of these dynasties have tried hard but failed.) And there is nothing in your original culture that can help you deal with your new life.
至于这个新统治民族的普通百姓，我们/他们开始与汉族人一起生活，而汉族人一直以来都是并且永远是这个国家的绝大多数，通常也是你居住的邻居。即使你努力尝试，你也无法抗拒这种同化（是的，这些王朝中的大多数都努力尝试过但都失败了），而且在你原来的文化中没有任何东西可以帮助你应对你的新生活。
Don't know how to buy things? Learn from your Han neighbor!
不知道怎么买东西？向你的汉族邻居学习！
Don't know how to cultivate land? Learn from your Han neighbor!
不知道怎么耕地？向你的汉族邻居学习！
Don't know how to treat certain diseases? Find a Han doctor!
不知道怎么治疗某些疾病？去找一个汉族医生！
Don't know how to become a bureaucrat and get promoted? Read Confucian books and pass those imperial examinations in China!
不知道怎么成为官僚并晋升？去读儒家书籍并通过那些中国的科举考试！
So you see, living on the land of the Han people, you will find that there is no way not to be assimilated into the mainstream culture of China - Han culture.
所以你看，生活在汉族的土地上，你会发现没有办法不被同化进中国的主流文化——汉族文化中。
Wenxiang Chen的回答
A classic joke:
一个经典的笑话：
A hypothesis. What would happen if a country invaded China and succeeded?
一个假设。如果一个国家入侵中国并取得成功，会发生什么？
Day one: One million Chinese people surrender to it.
第一天：一百万中国人向它投降。
Day two: Two million Chinese people surrender to it.
第二天：二百万中国人向它投降。
Day three: Three million Chinese people surrender to it.
第三天：三百万中国人向它投降。
Day four: Four million Chinese people surrender to it.
第四天：四百万中国人向它投降。
This country finally wins. By majority decision, a Chinese person will become the president and change the country's system to the Chinese system. Finally, the country is renamed "China" and it is announced that the people of this country are the fifty-seventh ethnic minority of "China".
这个国家最终取得胜利，经多数决定，一个中国人会成为总统，并将该国体制变为中国体制。最后，该国改名为“中国”，并宣布该国人民是“中国”的第五十七个少数民族。
Imagine that you are a warlord riding a war horse, brandishing a sword, and owning a thousand cows.
想象一下，你是一个骑着战马、挥舞着宝剑、拥有一千头牛的军阀。
You suddenly become the emperor of a place called China.
你突然成为了一个叫中国的地方的皇帝。
You become the emperor because the original emperor here is too incompetent.
你成为皇帝是因为这里原来的皇帝太昏庸了。
You recruit a loyal prime minister. You decide to establish your own dynasty and civilization.
你招募了忠诚的首相，你决定建立自己的王朝和文明。
You: I want the people here to use a new language!
你：我要这里的人使用新的语言！
Prime Minister: Sorry, the language used by the people here is older than the history of your tribe. If you replace their language, the entire national system will collapse. Great emperor, you don't want your tax order to reach people thousands of kilometers away, but they think it's just a piece of paper full of mysterious symbols, do you?
首相：对不起，这里的人使用的语言比你的部落历史还悠久。如果你替换他们的语言，整个国家的体系将会崩溃。伟大的皇帝，你不会希望你的征税命令传到几千公里外的人们那里时，他们却认为那只是一张充满神秘符号的纸吧。
You: I want them to wear my clothes!
你：我要他们穿我的衣服！
Prime Minister: Your clothes are only suitable for the grassland environment... Look, here are deserts, grasslands, snow-capped mountains, plains, and oceans.
首相：你的衣服只适合草原的环境……看，这里有沙漠、草原、雪山、平原、海洋。
You: I want them to eat my food.
你：我要他们吃我的食物。
Prime Minister: Your Majesty, even you yourself are not willing to eat your food. Their food is much more delicious. I guess a person living on the grassland like you has not studied the cooking methods of shark fin and sea cucumber.
首相：陛下，就连你自己都不愿意吃你的食物。他们的食物美味得多。我猜你这个生活在草原上的人还没有研究过鱼翅和海参的做法呢。
You: I want them to accept our culture.
你：我要他们接受我们的文化。
Prime Minister: Really? Do you want your people to learn your culture of conquest and war instead of their traditional culture of conservatism and obedience? The previous emperor here finally taught his people to obey the emperor's orders. Do you really want to teach them to conquer and overthrow the emperor like you?
首相：真的吗？你想让你的人民学习你的征服和战争文化，而不是他们传统的保守和顺从文化吗？这里的前任皇帝终于教会了他的人民服从皇帝的命令。你真的想教他们像你一样去征服和推翻皇帝吗？
You: I want them to read our books!
你：我要他们读我们的书！
Prime Minister: Um... You have been busy fighting and seem to have few books. Even if there are, they can't understand them, and they have tens of millions of books.
首相：嗯……你一直忙于战斗，似乎没有多少书。即使有，他们也看不懂，而且他们有几千万本书呢。
You: I want them to live in my house!
你：我要他们住在我的房子里！
Prime Minister: Are you serious... Do you want to move out of this magnificent palace and live in your tent full of horse dung?
首相：你是认真的吗……你想搬出这座宏伟的宫殿，住进你那充满马粪的帐篷里吗？
You: Damn it, why do they have such a long history!
你：该死，为什么他们有这么悠久的历史！
Prime Minister: My emperor, you see, to the west of the area where these people live are deserts and high-altitude snow-capped mountains. To the south are mountains and oceans. To the east there is only the ocean. In this natural fortress, in ancient times, people on our grassland were the only threat to this civilization. Unless in the future a group of people can invent airplanes and warships to destroy this fortress.
首相：我的皇帝，你看，这些人居住的地区西边是沙漠和高原雪山，南边是山脉和海洋，东边只有海洋。在这个天然的堡垒中，在古代，我们草原上的人是这个文明的唯一威胁，除非未来有一群人能发明飞机和军舰来摧毁这个堡垒。
But before that, this civilization can exist freely in this fortress for thousands of years... Of course, this also limits their desire to explore the sky and the ocean. So in the future your dynasty will be severely taught a lesson by a group of white people - and they will blame you, the ruler of another nation.
但在那之前，这个文明可以在这个堡垒中自由自在地存在几千年……当然，这也限制了他们对天空和海洋的探索欲望，所以在未来你的王朝会被一群白皮肤的人狠狠地教训——而他们会责怪你，另一个民族的统治者。
You: So... How did we conquer this country?
你：那么……我们是怎么征服这个国家的？
Prime Minister: As you can see, living in this country, if you are an emperor with everything, it is very difficult not to become degenerate. Just like your future children, they have never experienced the efforts and hardships you took to conquer a country. Under our stupid feudal system, they will soon be addicted to pleasure. After all, this place is much more interesting than the grassland. Otherwise, why did the crazy huge Mongol Empire finally choose to stay here and establish the Yuan Dynasty? They once established the largest empire in the world - but a few hundred years later, a Chinese beggar took everything from them. Yes, a Chinese beggar.
首相：如你所见，生活在这个国家，如果你是一个拥有一切的皇帝，很难不变得沉沦。就像你未来的孩子一样，他们从未经历过你征服一个国家的努力和艰辛。在我们愚蠢的封建制度下，他们很快就会沉迷于享乐，毕竟这里比草原上有趣得多。不然，为什么那个疯狂的庞大蒙古帝国最终选择留在这里建立元朝呢？他们曾经建立了世界上最大的帝国——但几百年后一个中国乞丐从他们手中夺走了一切。是的，一个中国乞丐。
You: I want them to believe in my religion.
你：我要他们信仰我的宗教。
Prime Minister: You can try... After all, in our stupid and backward era, when most people have no scientific and technological knowledge, it is easier to believe in gods.
首相：你可以试试……毕竟在我们这个愚蠢落后的时代，当大多数人都是没有科技知识时，更容易信仰神灵。
But the eagle god and sky god of our tribe are really not very popular. They prefer to believe in popular gods, such as Buddha, Jesus, Allah, and their own Jade Emperor...
但是我们部落的鹰神、天神真的不太受欢迎。他们更喜欢信仰流行的神，比如佛陀、耶稣、真主，还有他们自己的玉皇大帝……
You: Then I can make them change to my hairstyle, right?
你：那我可以让他们改变成我的发型，对吧？
Prime Minister: Certainly... But the price is that after hundreds of years they will still use this as one of the reasons why you are a tyrant... Countless rebels will use this as an excuse to resist you.
首相：当然……但代价是几百年后他们仍然会以此作为你是一个暴君的理由之一……无数的反叛者会以此为借口反抗你。
You: There are always some people who are willing to accept all of the above!
你：总有一些人愿意接受以上所有！
Prime Minister: Indeed, so future museums will have information about your cultural relics.
首相：确实，所以未来的博物馆会有关于你的文物的信息。
You: I will kill them all!!!!
你：我要把他们都杀了！！！！
Prime Minister: Really? If you kill them, who will give you magnificent houses, delicious food, beautiful women, and a group of eunuchs who are willing to castrate themselves to serve you? Are you really willing to give up such a beautiful life and spend the rest of your life in killing and worrying about being assassinated?
首相：真的吗？你杀了他们，谁给你华丽的房子、美味的食物、美丽的女人，还有一群愿意阉掉自己来服侍你的太监呢？你真的愿意放弃这样美好的生活，余生都在杀戮和担心被暗杀中度过吗？
You: I choose to join them.
你：我选择加入他们。
Prime Minister: So, enjoy your short imperial life. At most a few hundred years later they will take everything away. And you will fall in love with life here and become an ethnic minority in China. If a snake swallows an elephant - it will only turn itself into the shape of an elephant. You can only kill the emperor, not this huge civilization.
首相：所以，享受你短暂的帝王生活吧，最多几百年后他们就会夺走一切，而你会爱上这里的生活，成为中国的一个少数民族。如果一条蛇吞下一头大象——它只会把自己变成大象的形状。你能杀死的只是皇帝，而不是这个庞大的文明。
You see, these people are now all native Chinese.
你看，这些人现在都是土生土长的中国人了。
Ji Mu的回答
Because of Confucianism.
因为儒家思想。
Once they come into contact with Confucianism, they will default to accepting many Confucian theories, including:
以突厥人为例，在突厥汗国崩溃后他们大量迁入中国，仅仅几代人他们就被同化了，因为他们为了在政府中任职并获取政治权力就需要学习儒家思想。一旦他们接触到儒家思想，他们就会默认接受许多儒家理论，包括：
1.尊师重教/Respect for teachers and emphasis on education。
2.天命/Mandate of Heaven。
3.华夷之辨/Distinction between the Chinese and barbarians。
4.处中国以治万邦/Living in the Middle Kingdom to rule the rest of the world。
5.政教分离/Separation of state and religion。
6.义/Loyalty to the lordship and friends。
7.炎黄子孙/All the barbarians were the distant descendants of the Yellow Emperor and the Fire Emperor 5,000 years ago。
They will therefore consider themselves Chinese both genetically and culturally. So they will lose interest in contacting the Turkic Khaganate. This phenomenon also occurred among the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Wuhuan, Khitan, and later the Mongols and Manchus who established the Yuan Dynasty.
他们因此会在基因和文化上都认为自己是中国人。所以他们会失去与突厥汗国联系的兴趣。这种现象也发生在匈奴、鲜卑、乌桓、契丹以及后来建立元朝的蒙古人和满洲人身上。
For example, after the Xianbei were officially sinicized, they began to call their relatives, the Rouran people in Siberia, "worms" and launched wars to eliminate them. The story of Mulan fighting barbarians actually refers to the Xianbei Han people fighting against their own blood relatives. In the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu largely served the Han Dynasty against the Xiongnu alliance. In the Ming Dynasty, Mongolian cavalry also played a key role in assisting the Ming Dynasty against northern Mongol tribes.
例如，鲜卑正式汉化后，他们开始把在西伯利亚的亲戚柔然人称为“虫子”，并发动战争以消灭他们。木兰抗击蛮夷的故事实际上指的是鲜卑汉人对抗他们自己的血缘亲属。在汉朝，匈奴人在很大程度上为汉朝效力对抗匈奴联盟。在明朝，蒙古骑兵也在协助明朝对抗北方蒙古部落中发挥了关键作用。
Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu king, established the Han state in the name of avenging the Han Dynasty and fought against the Western Jin Dynasty.
匈奴王刘渊以替汉朝复仇之名建立了汉国，对抗西晋。
Li Cunxu, the emperor of the Shatuo (Western Turks), established the Later Tang Dynasty to avenge the killing of Emperor Ai of Tang by the warlord Zhu Wen.
沙陀（西突厥）皇帝李存勖为了替唐哀帝被军阀朱温所杀复仇而建立了后唐。
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a Xianbei emperor, converted to Confucianism and identified with the Han identity.
北魏鲜卑皇帝孝文帝皈依儒家思想并认同汉族身份。
On the left, Peroz III, the prince of the Sassanian Persian Empire, served the Tang Dynasty after the Sassanian Empire was invaded and destroyed by the Arabs.
在左边，萨珊波斯帝国的王子卑路斯三世在萨珊帝国被阿拉伯人入侵灭亡后为唐朝效力。
But in the West, since the later period of the Roman Empire, everything has been associated with Christianity. Barbarians will convert to Christianity instead of Roman culture. Later Muslims will definitely be loyal to Islam and Jews will be loyal to Judaism. In this way, religious identity is higher than ethnic identity and religious conflicts make it extremely difficult to assimilate any group domestically and recover lost territory. As we can see today, Western multiculturalism still cannot integrate immigrants.
但在西方，自罗马帝国后期以来，一切都与基督教联系在一起。蛮族人会皈依基督教而不是罗马文化，后来的穆斯林肯定会忠于伊斯兰教，犹太人忠于犹太教，这样宗教身份高于民族身份以及宗教冲突使得在国内同化任何群体以及收复失地都极其困难。正如我们今天所看到的，西方的多元文化主义仍然无法让移民融入。
In China, whenever the Han people misgovern, however, it is those assimilated barbarians who stand up to save it and even fight against their own relatives.
在中国，每当汉人治理不善时，然而，正是那些被同化的蛮族人站出来拯救它，甚至对抗他们自己的亲属。
Dongfang Gao的回答
Most northern barbarian chiefs had a lower standard of living than Chinese landlords.
大多数北方蛮族首领的生活水平不如中国的地主。
This is the house of a wealthy landlord in ancient China.
这是中国古代一个富有的地主的房子。
Nomadic people had no other forms of entertainment except hunting.
游牧民族除了狩猎之外没有其他娱乐形式。
During the Ming Dynasty, Chinese literati wrote many novels and storybooks, which were then performed by artists.
在明朝时期，中国的文人撰写了许多小说和故事书，然后由艺人进行表演。
Northern barbarians were often illiterate and they liked listening to stories and watching plays.
北方蛮族常常是文盲，他们喜欢听故事和看戏。
History books often record that nomadic people especially liked music and liked to play various ancient heroes.
历史书上经常记载，游牧民族特别喜欢音乐，喜欢扮演各种古代英雄。
The cooking methods of northern barbarians were only boiling and roasting, which were too primitive and not delicious.
北方蛮族的烹饪方法只有煮和烤，太过原始，也不好吃。
The tea, iron pots, beautiful clothes, women's jewelry, women's cosmetics, and various porcelain and seasonings needed by nomadic people were very cheap in Chinese cities.
游牧民族所需的茶叶、铁锅、漂亮衣服、妇女的首饰、妇女的化妆品以及各种瓷器和调味品，在中国的城市里都非常便宜。
Many times, China would give many valuable gifts to the wives of chiefs, including exquisite clothes, expensive porcelain, a large amount of tea, a large amount of jewelry and decorations, and perfumes popular in the court. Once these women saw these things, they would immediately tell their husbands to maintain friendly relations with China.
很多时候，中国会送给首领的妻子很多贵重的礼物，包括精美的衣服、昂贵的瓷器、大量的茶叶、大量的首饰和装饰品以及宫廷中流行的香水。这些女人一旦看到这些东西，就会马上告诉她们的丈夫要和中国保持友好关系。
When northern barbarian chiefs came to southern China, they were willing to spend a lot of money to marry several wives because they felt that the women of their own ethnic group were too masculine.
当北方蛮族首领来到中国南方时，他们愿意花很多钱娶好几个妻子，因为他们觉得自己民族的女人太男性化了。
In ancient China, there was a set of consumption methods specifically for nobles and the rich.
古代中国有一套专门针对贵族和富人的消费方式。
First, buy a big house that can accommodate hundreds of people.
首先，买一个能容纳几百人的大房子。
Second, find more than a dozen young women to be maids.
其次，找十几个年轻女子来当女仆。
Third, find four or five beautiful young women to be wives.
第三，找四五个漂亮的年轻女子做妻子。
Fourth, find a young woman to be a concubine every one or two years.
第四，每过一两年，再找一个年轻女子做小妾。
These women should not be older than 20 years old and should not weigh more than 45 kilograms.
这些女子年龄不应超过 20 岁，体重不应超过 45 公斤。
In ancient grasslands, there were no women weighing less than 60 kilograms. And they were not good-looking and often sunbathed and were easily tanned.
在古代的草原上没有体重低于 60 公斤的女人。而且她们不好看，还经常晒太阳，很容易晒黑。
History books often record that barbarian chiefs often complained that their women were too masculine and not as feminine as Han women.
历史书上经常记载，蛮族首领常常抱怨他们的女人太男性化，没有汉族女人那么有女人味。
Northern barbarian chiefs believed that their status was much higher than that of landlords and ordinary nobles, but their living standards were much lower than theirs. So many times they came to China just to live a noble life.
北方蛮族首领认为他们的地位远高于地主和普通贵族，但他们的生活水平却远低于他们，所以很多时候他们来到中国只是为了过上贵族生活。
The tea, salt, iron pots, porcelain and knives needed by nomadic people were ordinary commodities for China, but they were expensive items for them.
游牧民族所需的茶叶、盐、铁锅、瓷器和刀具，对中国来说是普通商品，但对他们来说却是昂贵的物品。
In ancient times, once many herdsmen had money, they would go to nearby Chinese cities. They would first go to the crossroads to watch juggling and eat snacks, then go to the theater to watch performances, then go to a restaurant to have a big meal, and finally go to the bathhouse to take a bath.
在古代，很多牧民一旦有了钱，就会去附近的中国城市。他们会先去十字路口看杂耍、吃小吃，然后去剧院看表演，接着去餐馆大吃一顿，最后去澡堂洗澡。
When he returned home, he would tell his family and chief what he had seen and heard in the city.
当他回到家时，他会把在城市里的所见所闻告诉家人和首领。
What do you think nomadic people would feel when they saw these court ornaments?
你觉得游牧民族看到下面这些宫廷饰品时会有什么感受呢？
They must be thinking, why aren't these things mine?
他们一定在想，为什么这些东西不是我的？
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