油气资源作为全球能源体系的重要支柱，其高效勘探与合理开发对保障能源安全、推动工业发展具有不可替代的作用。随着勘探开发领域不断向深层、超深层及复杂地质条件区域拓展，储层孔隙结构解析、油气成藏规律探索、特殊储集体识别以及压裂方案优化等关键技术难题亟待突破。近年来，薄片观察、地震表征、地质工程一体化模拟等前沿技术的创新应用，为破解复杂地质条件下的油气勘探开发瓶颈提供了有力支撑。
本期精选文章聚焦川东、塔西南、渤海湾等重点盆地的油气地质研究，深入剖析页岩储层孔隙发育控制因素、复杂叠合盆地油气动力场划分、煤成气成藏主控因素，同时创新提出超深层 “断滩体” 地质模式与地震表征技术，优化页岩油高效压裂方案。这些研究成果为不同类型油气藏的勘探开发提供了精准的理论指导与实用技术参考，诚邀您深入研读，共探油气地质科学的前沿奥秘。
精选文章·Selected Articles
01
川东地区吴家坪组页岩储层孔隙结构及发育控制因素
Pore structure and development control factors of shale reservoirs in Wujiaping Formation, eastern Sichuan Basin
摘要】基于薄片和扫描电镜观察，结合TOC（总有机碳质量分数）测试、X射线衍射分析和低压气体吸附实验，明确了吴家坪组页岩储层的孔隙结构和发育影响因素。结果表明：1）吴一段和吴二段为黏土质页岩和混合页岩，吴三段为硅质页岩、钙质页岩和混合页岩。2）储集空间主要为裂缝、粒间孔和粒内孔，有机质孔规模较小，孔隙呈墨水瓶状和平板状或狭缝形孔；孔径以“多峰态、多尺度”特征分布于0.84～14.10 nm范围内，小于60 nm和10 nm的孔隙分别是总孔体积和比表面积的主要贡献者；页岩非均质性高，且孔隙内部非均质性高于孔隙表面。3）石英含量增加促进介孔发育，抑制微孔形成和增强非均质性，碳酸盐矿物含量增加不利于微孔与介孔发育，但增强储层非均质性，黏土矿物含量和TOC增加促进微孔的发育和增强储层的均质性。4）根据孔隙类型和矿物含量，将吴家坪组页岩分为黏土矿物含量高和脆性矿物含量高的裂缝-无机孔隙型储层。
【Abstract】Based on thin section and scanning electron microscope observation, combined with total organic carbon (TOC) mass fraction test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and low-pressure gas adsorption experiment, the pore structure and development control factors of shale reservoirs in Wujiaping Formation were determined. The results show that: 1) The first member and second member of Wujiaping Formation (Wu 1 Member and Wu 2 Member, respectively) develop clay shales and mixed shales, and the third member of Wujiaping Formation (Wu 3 Member) develops siliceous shales, calcareous shales, and mixed shales. 2) The reservoir space is mainly composed of fractures, intergranular pores, and intragranular pores. The organic pores are small in scale, and the pores are ink bottle-shaped, flat plate-shaped, or slit-shaped. The pore size ranges from 0.84 to 14.10 nm and is marked by a “multi-peak and multi-scale” pattern, and pores with a size of smaller than 60 nm and 10 nm are the main contributors to total pore volume and specific surface area, respectively. The heterogeneity of shale is high, and the heterogeneity inside pores is higher than that on the surface. 3) The increase in quartz content promotes the development of mesoporous pores, inhibits the formation of micropores, and enhances the heterogeneity, while the increase in carbonate mineral content is not conducive to the development of micropores and mesoporous pores but enhances the reservoir heterogeneity. The increase in clay mineral content and TOC promotes the development of micropores and enhances the reservoir homogeneity. 4) According to pore type and mineral content, Wujiaping Formation shale can be divided into reservoirs of fractured-inorganic pore type, with high clay mineral content and high brittle mineral content.
02
复杂叠合盆地油气动力场划分及其与勘探的关系——以塔西南坳陷为例
Division of hydrocarbon dynamic field in complex superimposed basins and its relationship with exploration: a case study of southwest Tarim Depression
【摘要】塔西南坳陷构造复杂，对油气藏分布规律认识不清，油气成藏动力边界和油气藏类型不明，严重制约了油气藏高效勘探开发。文中以150余口井的岩心分析、高压压汞测试、镜质组反射率分析、岩电实验及测井解释等资料为基础，利用统计分析法、最小流动孔喉半径法、束缚水饱和度法等方法，对油气藏类型进行了划分，并指出下步油气勘探思路。结果表明：1）塔西南坳陷主要发育4类油气藏，即常规油气藏、非常规油气藏、裂缝油气藏和地层不整合油气藏。2）浮力成藏下限对应埋深为4000 m、孔隙度为9.04%、镜质组反射率为0.62%；油气成藏底限对应埋深为9225～9785 m、临界孔喉半径为0.01μm、孔隙度为1.11%～1.36%。3）当埋深小于4000 m时，油气勘探应集中于圈闭构造高点；当埋深在4000～9225 m时，油气勘探应集中于斜坡等“甜点区”；当埋深大于9 225 m时，油气勘探风险较大，须谨慎开采。研究结果可为塔西南坳陷油气勘探开发提供重要参考。
【Abstract】The structure of southwest Tarim Depression is complicated, the distribution law of oil and gas reservoirs is not clearly understood, and the dynamic boundary of hydrocarbon accumulation and type of oil and gas reservoir are not clear, which have seriously restricted the efficient exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs. Based on core analysis, high pressure mercury injection test, vitrinite reflectance analysis, rock electricity experiment and logging interpretation data of more than 150 wells, this paper uses statistical analysis, minimum flow pore throat radius method, bound water saturation method and other methods to divide the types of oil and gas reservoirs, and points out the next step of oil and gas exploration. The results show that: 1) Four types of oil and gas reservoirs are mainly developed in southwest Tarim Depression, namely, conventional oil and gas reservoirs, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, fractured oil and gas reservoirs and stratigraphic unconformity oil and gas reservoirs. 2) The lower limit of buoyancy accumulation corresponds to 4 000 m burial depth, 9.04% porosity and 0.62% vitrinite reflectance; the lower limit of hydrocarbon accumulation corresponds to 9 225–9 785 m burial depth, 0.01 μm critical pore throat radius and 1.11%–1.36% porosity. 3) When the burial depth is less than 4 000 m, the oil and gas exploration should focus on the high point of the trap structure; when the buried depth is 4 000–9 225 m, the oil and gas exploration should be concentrated on the "sweet spots" such as slopes; when the burial depth is greater than 9 225 m, the oil and gas exploration risk is relatively high and careful exploitation is required. The research results can provide important reference for the oil and gas exploration and development in southwest Tarim Depression.
03
渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷煤成气形成机理及成藏主控因素
Formation mechanism and main controlling factors for accumulation of coal-derived gas in Dongpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
摘要：对东濮凹陷煤系烃源岩显微组分分析发现,煤系烃源岩以镜质组为主,其次为惰性组,而壳质组和藻类组含量较低。这决定了东濮凹陷煤系烃源岩以生气为主、生油为辅的生烃特点。大量热模拟实验均表明:东濮凹陷煤系烃源岩镜质组反射率(R_o小于1.3%时,生烃量微弱;R_o在1.3%～3.0%时,为煤系烃源岩的主力生烃期,对应烃源岩深度在5 000～6 500 m,并形成高效烃源岩灶;R_o大于3.0%时,不同热模拟实验生烃量存在较大差异。对典型气藏解剖分析表明:东濮凹陷发育源内及源外2种煤成气成藏模式,高效烃源岩灶决定了煤成气藏平面分布范围,断裂及区域盖层决定了煤成气藏发育层位。
【Abstract】Through the analysis of the maceral composition of coal-bearing source rocks in Dongpu Sag, it was found that the coal-bearing source rocks are dominated by vitrinite, followed by inertinite, with relatively low contents of exinite and alginite. This determines the hydrocarbon generation characteristics of the coal-bearing source rocks in Dongpu Sag, which is dominated by gas generation and supplemented by oil generation. A large number of thermal simulation experiments have shown that when the vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of the coal-bearing source rocks in Dongpu Sag is less than 1.3%, the hydrocarbon generation is weak. When Ro is between 1.3% and 3.0%, it is the main hydrocarbon generation period for the coal-bearing source rocks, corresponding to the burial depth of 5 000–6 500 m for the source rocks, forming an efficient hydrocarbon kitchen. When Ro is greater than 3.0%, the hydrocarbon generation varies significantly among different thermal simulation experiments. Typical gas reservoir dissections indicate that there are two types of coal-derived gas accumulation patterns in Dongpu Sag: within the source rocks and outside the source rocks. The efficient hydrocarbon kitchen determines the planar distribution range of coal-derived gas reservoirs, while faults and regional cap rocks determine the development strata of coal-derived gas reservoirs.
04
超深层“断滩体”概念、地质模式及地震表征技术方法——以塔里木油田为例
Concept, geological model, and seismic characterization technique of ultra-deep fault shoal bodies: a case study of Tarim Oilfield
摘要： “断滩体”是塔里木盆地富满油田奥陶系超深层新型油藏类型，是超深层油气储量保持增长的有利接替勘探领域。以野外露头资料为基础，结合钻井、地震、生产动态等资料，建立了超深碳酸盐岩油气藏“断滩体”地质发育模式，并形成了超深碳酸盐岩“断滩体”地震刻画技术。研究结果表明：1)“断滩体”的形成机制为超深层灰岩台内滩体受主干断裂派生次序级网状断裂破碎作用改造形成。2)基于“断滩体”地质特征，采用波形指示反演识别滩体边界；利用地震子波分解、反射特征强化法识别低级序断裂；通过滩体与低级序断裂的融合，精细刻画出“断滩体”的边界及内部结构，是表征“断滩体”的有效手段。3)富满东部三维区鹰山组下段发育典型的“断滩体”，明确了“断滩体”圈闭范围，识别断滩体面积42.2 km2，勘探潜力较大。富东1井的成功突破，预示着富满油田新的控储模式的确立。超深层“断滩体”地震识别技术为其他地区类似储层的预测提供较好的借鉴意义。
【Abstract】Fault shoal body is a new type of ultra-deep Ordovician reservoir in Fuman Oilfield, Tarim Basin, and it is a favorable replacement exploration field for the growth of ultra-deep oil and gas reserves. On the basis of outcrop data, combined with drilling, seismic, and production dynamic data, the geological development model of fault shoal bodies in ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas reservoirs was established, and the seismic characterization technology of ultra-deep carbonate fault shoal bodies was formed. The research results indicate that: 1) Fault shoal bodies are formed due to the transformation of the intra-platform shoal in the ultra-deep limestone by the fracturing of sequential grid-shaped faults derived from the main faults. 2) Based on the geological characteristics of fault shoal bodies, the boundary of the shoal body is identified by using waveform indication inversion. Low-sequence faults are identified using seismic wavelet decomposition and reflection characteristic strengthening techniques. The boundary and internal structure of fault shoal bodies can be finely characterized by the fusion of the shoal body and the low-sequence fault, which is an effective method to characterize fault shoal bodies. 3) A typical fault shoal body is developed in the lower member of Yingshan Formation in the three-dimensional area of the eastern Fuman Oilfield. The trap range of the fault shoal body is defined, and the area of the identified fault shoal body is 42.2 km2, indicating great exploration potential. The successful breakthrough of Well Fudong 1 indicates the establishment of a new control model for reservoirs in Fuman Oilfield. The seismic identification technology of ultra-deep fault shoal bodies provides a good reference for the prediction of similar reservoirs in other areas.
05
基于地质工程一体化压裂模型的页岩油压裂方案优化——以吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为例
Shale oil fracturing scheme optimization based on geology-engineering integrated fracturing model: taking Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag as an example
摘要：芦草沟组页岩油储层致密、天然裂缝发育，采用小井距开发时，井间应力干扰严重，优选压裂施工参数、明确压后裂缝扩展规律是提升芦草沟组开发效益的关键。为减少井间、簇间应力对页岩油小井距多层立体井网压裂的干扰，同时降低重复改造，文中在明确芦一段裂缝特征、地应力分布的基础上，建立了芦一段精细地质模型，在其约束下联合FracMan平台建立了地质工程一体化的压裂数值模型，并基于该模型开展了加砂量、簇间距、井距等压裂参数优化的研究。结果表明，芦一段最优加砂量为1600 m3，合理簇间距为6 m，最优井距为200～250 m。现场微地震监测与模拟缝网吻合度高达91.2%，表明地质工程一体化压裂模型的模拟结果可真实反映地下实际缝网。芦一段压裂后形成了“水力主缝”型、“水力主缝+天然裂缝”型和“天然裂缝”型等3种缝网。研究区以“水力主缝”型缝网为主，压后裂缝的半缝长集中在70～105 m，缝高主要分布在20～30 m。虽然缩小井距和簇间距可以增加“水力主缝”型缝网数量，获得更大的半缝长和缝高，使储层改造更充分，但也极易产生井间窜流，造成最终采收率的损失。
【Abstract】The shale oil reservoir in Lucaogou Formation is tight with natural fractures developed. There are serious inter-well stress interferences when small well spacing development is employed. Optimizing fracturing construction parameters and clarifying the fracture propagation laws after fracturing are keys to improving the development benefits of Lucaogou Formation. In order to reduce the interference of inter-well and inter-cluster stress on small-spacing multi-layer three-dimensional well pattern fracturing of shale oil and reduce restimulation, a fine geological model of the first member of Lucaogou Formation (Lu 1 Member) was set up based on the fracture characteristics and ground stress distribution of Lu 1 Member, under whose constraints, a geology-engineering integrated fracturing numerical simulation model was established with the help of FracMan. A study on the optimization of fracturing parameters such as sand addition amount, cluster spacing, and well spacing was conducted based on this model. The results show that the optimal sand addition amount and cluster spacing are 1600 m3 and 6 m, respectively, and the optimal well spacing is 200–250 m. The goodness of fit between field microseismic monitoring and simulated fracture network is as high as 91.2%, which indicates that simulation results of the geology-engineering integrated fracturing model can truly reflect the actual underground fracture network. Three kinds of fracture networks, namely hydraulic main fracture, hydraulic main fracture + natural fracture, and natural fracture are formed after the fracturing of Lu 1 Member. The research area is dominated by hydraulic main fractures, with the half-fracture length concentrated in 70–105 m and the fracture height mainly distributed in 20–30 m after fracturing. Although reducing well spacing and cluster spacing can increase the number of hydraulic main fracture networks, obtain larger half-fracture length and fracture height, and ensure fuller reservoir stimulation, inter-well channelling can easily occur, resulting in loss of final recovery efficiency.
期刊推荐·Recommend Journal
《断块油气田》起源于1984年中原石油勘探局勘探开发研究院创办的内刊《中原油气田地质》，1988年由中原石油勘探局科技情报研究所接办为《中原油气》（季刊），1994年正式以《断块油气田》（双月刊）刊名创办为国内外公开发行的综合性石油科技期刊。《断块油气田》是一份介绍油气勘探开发方面最新理论和国内外最新研究结果，以促进我国油田勘探开发技术水平的提高、完善与发展为目的的学术性刊物，主要报道油气田在勘探、开发、钻井、采油、测井、测试等方面研究的新理论、新方法，以及科研生产过程中研制开发的新工艺、新技术。
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