原创克尔-纽曼黑洞
现存的Congeria属生物仅分布于10余个已知点位,约半数点位只发现空壳,有时贝壳表面覆盖着厚厚的钙华。
Congeria kusceri集群生活,雌雄异体,精子被保留于雌性内鳃瓣上部,卵在此受精并随发育逐渐进入育儿囊,在育儿囊发育为幼虫。当幼虫自身的食物储备耗尽或它们长到足以冲破育儿囊口的大小时,幼虫会被释放到母体的外套膜腔中。外套膜内通常有两个幼虫,一个比另一个大,这是由于更早发育、更大的幼虫在打开育儿囊口时,位于育儿囊更高处、发育较差的小幼虫也一起释放。在外套膜腔中,幼虫将经历育儿期的第二阶段,此时它们以母体吸入的水流中的有机颗粒为食,在成长至约350微米后爬行离开。
Congeria kusceri成体 / Scapolatiello et al, 2022
Congeria kusceri
Congeria kusceri生活史
现存Congeria属生物的孵育幼体行为在饰贝科中是独一无二的,这种特征是对地下河寡营养环境的适应。其他饰贝采取的播撒式产卵会消耗大量配子,产生这些配子需要大量营养,而地下河环境无法提供。然而,孵育幼体行为也严重限制了Congeria属生物的扩散能力。
Congeria属生物寿命长,已知最长寿命达53年,而其真实上限很可能远高于此。许多点位的Congeria属生物在夏季会因水位下降而暴露在空气中,一些个体甚至会暴露在空气中两个月之久,仅靠洞穴上方的滴水或岩石表面的水膜以及洞穴内湿度通常为100%的空气生存。高湿度的环境令它们不必像其他双壳纲物种那样紧闭贝壳来保持水分,在暴露于空气中时依旧能长时间张开双壳,并借机向水中排放精子,减少损耗。【完】
参考文献及图片来源
Annalisa S, Magdalena G, Greco S, et al, 2024.Congeriain theDinaric Karst: conservation and scientific study of a unique cave-dwelling bivalve genus[J]. Atti e Memorie della Commissione Grotte Eugenio Boegan, 53: 81-90.
Baković N, Siemensma F, Puljas S, et al, 2023. First data ontestate amoebaeassociated with the endemic cave bivalveCongeria jalziciMorton & Bilandžija, 2013 with a description ofPsammonobiotus dinaricasp. Nov[J]. Subterranean Biology, 45: 53-74.
Bilandžija H, Morton B, Podnar M, et al, 2013. Evolutionary history of relictCongeria(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae): unearthing the subterranean biodiversity of the Dinaric Karst[J]. Frontiers in Zoology, 10(1): 5.
Jovanović Glavaš O, Jalžić B, Bilandžija H, 2017. Population density, habitat dynamic and aerial survival of relict cave bivalves from genusCongeriain the Dinaric karst[J]. International Journal of Speleology, 46(1): 4.
Morton B, Bilandžija H, 2023. Nomenclatural validation of two extantCongeriaspecies,C. jalziciandC. mulaomerovici(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the caves of the Dinaric karst[J]. Natura Croatica, 32(2): 439-444.
Morton B, Puljas S, 2013. Life-history strategy, with ctenidial and pallial larval brooding, of the troglodytic ‘living fossil’Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric Alpine karst of Croatia[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 108(2): 294-314.
Morton B, Velkovrh F, Sket B, 1998. Biology and anatomy of the ‘living fossil’Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from subterranean rivers and caves in the Dinaric karst of the former Yugoslavia[J]. Journal of Zoology, 245(2): 147-174.
Puljas S, Peharda M, Morton B, et al, 2014. Growth and longevity of the “living fossil”Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric karst of Croatia[J]. Malacologia, 57(2): 353-364.
Rađa B, Rađa T, 2012. New data about the reproductive cycle ofCongeria kusceriBole, 1962 (Bivalves: Dreissenidae) from the pit ‘Jama u Predolcu’ (Croatia)[J]. Italian Journal of Zoology, 79(1): 105-110.
Scapolatiello A, Rosani U, Manfrin C, et al, 2022. Identification of five picorna-like viruses associated with the endangered cave-dwelling bivalveCongeria kusceri(Bole, 1962)[J]. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 19(1): 28-36.
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