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石油地球物理勘探作为油气资源勘探开发的核心支撑领域，其技术突破直接关系到地震数据成像质量、储层参数预测精度及勘探效率的提升。从海洋拖缆数据的多次波干扰压制，到地震旋转分量的高效获取，从储层流体饱和度的精准反演，到微地震信号的去噪处理，一系列关键技术难题的攻克，是推动油气勘探向更深、更复杂地层延伸的重要保障。近年来，深度学习、贝叶斯理论、波场梯度分析等前沿方法与石油物探技术的深度融合，为行业带来了颠覆性的创新思路，有效破解了传统技术瓶颈。
本期精选 5 篇双语学术文章，聚焦石油物探领域的核心技术创新，涵盖深度学习驱动的多次波压制、地震密集阵列旋转分量换算、衰减岩石物理模型支撑的饱和度反演、蒙特卡洛非负字典学习微地震去噪及纵波资料弹性参数反演等关键方向。接下来，读者可跟随这些前沿研究成果，探索石油物探技术的创新路径与应用价值，感受科技赋能油气勘探的强大动力。
1
利用深度学习图像转译方法压制自由表面多次波
Free-surface-related multiple attenuation through image translation based on deep learning
【摘要】多次波压制是石油勘探领域提升地震数据偏移成像质量的重要手段，特别是对于受自由表面多次波干扰较强的海洋拖缆数据。为了更好地提升多次波压制效果和数据处理效率，文中提出了一种利用深度学习图像转译技术压制自由表面多次波的方法。首先，将地震数据处理任务视为深度学习中的图像转译任务，采用Pix2Pix网络处理转换为图像形式的地震数据；其次，将常规单一形式的目标数据集改进为组合形式，进行多任务训练提升Pix2Pix网络的输出效果，并根据数据处理前、后的关联性，设计额外的损失函数进一步约束和提升网络的输出效果；最后，建立层状模型和复杂模型进行数值测试，并在输入数据中添加了额外的干扰项进行定量测试。数值测试结果表明，文中方法能够通过发掘数据的共同特征达到识别和压制多次波的目的，提升偏移图像的清晰度，在处理数据时具有较高的计算效率，能够更准确地识别地下层位信息。
【Abstract】In the field of oil exploration, multiple attenuation is an important means to improve the migration imaging quality of seismic data, especially for marine streamer data that is strongly disturbed by free-surface-related multiples. To better improve the multiple attenuation effect and data processing efficiency, this paper proposes a free-surface-related multiple attenuation method using an image translation technology based on deep learning. Firstly, the seismic data processing task is regarded as an image translation task in deep learning, and the Pix2Pix network is used to process the seismic data converted into the image form. Secondly, by improving the form of the target data set from the conventional single form to the combining form, this study carries out multitask training to improve the output effect of the Pix2Pix network. According to the correlation before and after data processing, an additional loss function is designed to further constrain and improve the output effect of the network. Finally, a layered model and a complex model are established for numerical testing, and additional interference items are added to the input data for quantitative testing. The numerical test results show that the proposed method can achieve multiple identification and attenuation by exploring the common features of data, improve the clarity of migrated images, and more accurately identify horizon information with high computational efficiency in data processing.
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2
地震密集阵列换算旋转分量的方法
Methodology for converting the rotational component of seismic dense arrays
【摘要】由于记录了质点的旋转运动和空间梯度场信息，地震旋转分量在震源定位、P、S波场分离以及地下介质速度反演成像上具有一定的优势。然而，目前旋转地震仪的造价昂贵、普及性低，使得旋转分量观测数据较少，很难利用有限数据深入研究旋转分量，进而使得传统的地震平动分量的许多方法和技术在旋转分量的研究中受限。为此，根据模拟与实测资料，利用差分法和波场梯度法对地震平动密集阵列换算旋转分量进行试验对比。结果表明，波场梯度法相较于差分法具有较高的换算精度；并且，文中重点分析阵列间距和场地相速度对换算精度的影响，推导出一个用来计算平动换算旋转分量频率范围的关系式；密集阵列换算旋转分量的精度受到场地间距、场地相速度和目标频率的影响。在已知观测系统条件的情况下，可根据平动换算旋转分量频率范围关系式计算目标频率范围，在该范围内计算得到旋转分量和实际观测得到的旋转分量拟合程度很高，互相关系数最高可达0.98。
【Abstract】As the rotational components of seismic waves capture both the rotational motion of particles and spatial gradient field information, they offer certain advantages in seismic source localization, P- and S-wave field separation, and subsurface velocity inversion imaging. However, the high cost and limited availability of rotational seismometers have resulted in scarce observational data on rotational components, making it difficult to conduct in-depth research on their application value using limited data. Consequently, many traditional methods and techniques developed for translational seismic components are restricted in the study of rotational components. This paper, based on simulated and measured data, conducts experimental comparisons of the conversion of rotational components in dense seismic arrays using the differential and wavefield gradient methods. The results reveal that the wavefield gradient method exhibits superior conversion accuracy compared to the differential method. Furthermore, this study places particular emphasis on analyzing the impact of inter-array spacing and subsurface velocity on the conversion accuracy and discusses the optimal frequency range for array-based rotational component calculations. Additionally, this paper focuses on analyzing the influence of inter-array spacing and site phase velocity on conversion accuracy and derives a relationship for calculating the frequency range of translational-to-rotational component conversion. The accuracy of converting rotational components in dense arrays is affected by array spacing, site phase velocity, and target frequency. Given the conditions of the observational system, the derived relationship can be used to calculate the target frequency range, within which the computed rotational components show a high degree of fit with the observed rotational components, with a maximum correlation coefficient reaching 0.98.
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3
衰减岩石物理模型驱动的流体饱和度地震反演方法
Seismic inversion for fluid saturation based on attenuated rock physics model
【摘要】基于地震数据的饱和度定量预测是储层评价和效益开发的关键，但饱和度变化对弹性参数影响较小，使基于弹性岩石物理模型驱动的饱和度反演精度通常较低。基于此，提出了一种衰减岩石物理模型驱动的流体饱和度地震反演方法。首先，通过衰减岩石物理模型正反演分析，确定流体饱和度敏感参数；然后，优选高精度时频分析方法，构建基于叠前地震数据的饱和度敏感属性；最后，采用基于贝叶斯理论的岩石物理多参数联合反演方法，实现储层孔隙度和饱和度参数联合反演。以中国西部某致密含气碎屑岩储层为例，量化分析不同参数对饱和度的敏感程度，优选峰值能量随入射角的变化梯度为叠前流体敏感属性。实际资料应用表明，基于衰减岩石物理模型的饱和度地震反演方法可以实现固液有效解耦，有效提高饱和度反演精度。
【Abstract】Quantitative saturation prediction from seismic data is important for reservoir evaluation and cost-effective development. However, elastic parameters are not sensitive to fluid saturation, which results in low accuracy of saturation inversion driven by elastic rock physics model. Therefore, this paper proposes a fluid saturation seismic inversion method driven by an attenuated rock physics model. Firstly, the sensitive parameters of fluid saturation are determined by forward and inverse analysis of this model. Then, a high-precision time-frequency analysis method is selected to construct a saturation sensitive attribute with pre-stack seismic data. Lastly, the joint inversion of reservoir porosity and saturation is realized with the multi-parameter petrophysical joint inversion method based on the Bayesian theory. Taking a tight gas-bearing clastic rock reservoir in wes-tern China as an example, the paper quantitatively analyzes the sensitivity of different parameters to saturation and selects the gradient of peak energy with incident angle as the pre-stack sensitive attribute to fluid. The application shows that the saturation seismic inversion method based on the attenuated rock physics model can effectively decouple solid phase and liquid phase and improve the accuracy of saturation inversion.
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4
蒙特卡洛非负字典学习的微地震去噪方法
Monte Carlo non-negative dictionary learning method for microseismic data denoising
【摘要】微地震监测是非常规油气藏勘探领域的一项重要技术，在水力压裂裂缝监测、CO2封存等方面都有着广泛的应用。然而，微地震信号能量弱，容易被噪声污染，其信噪比低的特点使得在后续的处理过程中往往不能得到好的结果。因此微地震数据去噪是一项十分重要的处理步骤，去噪效果对后续震源定位的准确性和震源机制反演结果的可靠性有关键的影响。文中提出一种蒙特卡洛非负字典学习（Monte Carlo non-negative dictionary learning,MCNDL）微地震去噪方法。蒙特卡洛分块能利用少量的时间获得包含相对较多有效信号特征的初始字典，在字典更新的过程中，利用非负性约束来保证数据变换的稀疏性，缩小解的空间，从而降低计算成本并提高去噪精度。利用合成和实际微地震数据对该方法的应用效果进行了测试，并与带通（Band-Pass,BP）滤波、FK滤波和KSVD方法进行对比，展示出该方法针对微地震数据较好的去噪效果与较高的去噪效率。
【Abstract】Microseismic monitoring is an essential technology in the field of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs exploration. It has been widely used in hydraulic fracturing fracture monitoring, CO2storage, and so on. However, the microseismic signal is weak in energy and easy to be polluted by noise. Its low signal-to-noise ratio makes it difficult to obtain good results in subsequent processing. Therefore, microseismic data denoising is a highly important processing step. The denoising effect has a key impact on the accuracy of subsequent source location and the reliability of focal mechanism inversion results. In this paper, a Monte Carlo non-negative dictionary learning (MCNDL) method is proposed for microseismic data denoising. The Monte Carlo block can obtain the initial dictionary containing relatively many effective signal features in a small amount of time. In the process of dictionary updating, non-negativity constraints are used to ensure the sparsity of data transformation and reduce the solution space, thus reducing the computational cost and improving denoising accuracy. This study evaluates the performance of the proposed method by using both synthetic and real-world microseismic datasets, comparing it with band-pass (BP) filtering, frequency-wavenumber (F-K) filtering, and K-singular value decomposition (KSVD) techniques. The findings highlight the superior denoising effect and efficiency of the proposed approach.
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5
基于纵波资料弹性参数反射波旅行时反演
Elastic reflection travel-time inversion based on pure P-wave data
【摘要】针对目前陆上勘探主要采集的纵波资料与日益增长的弹性多参数模型预测需求之间的矛盾，文中从经典弹性动力学中本构方程出发，通过将本构方程分解为胀缩与剪切张量，推导出弹性介质中的声—弹方程耦合模式波动方程。该方程可以完美匹配纵波资料，同时波形信息中同时存在纵、横波速度和密度响应，具备反演弹性多参数模型功能，基于此搭建了基于纵波资料弹性参数反射波旅行时反演理论框架。由于全波形反演的高度非线性，准确的初始速度建模尤为重要，文中引入反射波波形反演理论，通过沿波路径成像恢复背景模型中、低波数信息，提高成像准确度，同时避免周期性跳跃导致反演失败。为验证方法的适用性和有效性，通过均匀模型对比不同震源激发下的声-弹方程耦合模式波动方程与声波方程、弹性波方程波的传播特征，并给出辐射模式验证试验；然后利用Sigsbee 2A重采样模型验证了反演方法在背景速度模型恢复的有效性。
【Abstract】To solve the problem that the P-wave data collected from land exploration cannot meet the increasing demand for elastic multi-parameter model prediction, this paper proposes a new wave equation of the acoustic elastic equation coupled mode in elastic media, which is derived by decomposing the constitutive equation in classical elastodynamics into dilatation and shear tensors. The equation can perfectly match P-wave data, and waveform information contains P- and S-wave velocity and density responses, which can be used to invert elastic multi-parameter models. Then, the paper establishes a theoretical framework for elastic reflection travel-time inversion based on P-wave data. Since full waveform inversion is a highly nonlinear method, accurate initial velocity modeling is particularly important. Therefore, this paper introduces reflection waveform inversion to recover the middle- and low-wavenumber information in the background model by imaging along the wave path, which can improve imaging accuracy and avoid the inversion failure caused by periodic skipping. To verify the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method, a homogeneous model is used to compare the wave propagation characteristics of the new equation, acoustic wave equations, and elastic wave equations under the excitation of different sources, and the verification test of radiation pattern is also carried out. Finally, the effectiveness of the inversion method in recovering the background velocity model is verified using a Sigsbee 2A resampling model.
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《石油地球物理勘探》是中国石油集团委托东方地球物理公司主办的一份石油物探方面的综合性科技期刊。它于1966年创刊，1980年经国家科委批准在国内外发行（双月刊）。它是中石油系统数十家报道类刊物中创办历史最长、最早向国外发行的期刊，在国内外勘探地球物理界有着广泛的影响，是中国最具有权威的地球物理刊物之一。
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