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近日,复旦发展研究院副教授、金融研究中心主任助理杨秋怡老师与复旦发展研究院访问学者何塞·爱德华多·罗萨林(José Eduardo de Salles Roselino Junior)、安东尼奥·卡洛斯·迪耶格斯(Antônio Carlos Diegues)等学者的合作研究成果《制造业还重要吗?再议工业政策制造业对高收入和中等收入国家发展的贡献》(Does manufacturing still matter? The revival of industrial policy and manufacturing’s contribution to development in high- and middle-income countries),在线发表于SSCI期刊《工业与企业变革》(Industrial and Corporate Change)。

制造业还重要吗?本研究旨在对“去工业化”进行一次再检视。在“去工业化是否不可避免”的讨论中,制造业常被视为随经济发展而自然衰落的部门。本文基于 2000–2019 年全球中高收入国家的数据,从制造业内部结构出发,对这一传统观点进行了系统检验。

不同于以往只关注制造业在 GDP 中的比重,本文创新性地从生产率增长和工资增长的结构性分解角度,衡量制造业对经济发展的真实贡献。研究发现:第一,无论是中等收入国家还是高收入国家,制造业对发展的贡献并未随着人均收入提高而系统性下降,传统的所谓“倒 U 型关系”并不存在;第二,在中等收入国家,制造业对生产率和工资增长的贡献随着收入水平上升反而持续增强;第三,在高收入国家,制造业生产率贡献并未出现“正常去工业化”所暗示的下降趋势,但工资贡献整体走弱,仅在高技术制造业的结构升级环节中仍保持韧性,这可能与全球价值链竞争加剧、成本压力上升有关。

总体来看,研究对“自然去工业化”的经典叙事提出不同看法,表明制造业——尤其是技术密集型制造业——在当代经济发展中依然具有关键意义。这也提示,各国在数字化和绿色转型背景下,需要更加注重因部门、因国情而异的产业与创新政策设计。

作者/Authors

Antônio Carlos Diegues(通讯作者)

巴西坎皮纳斯大学经济研究所工业经济与技术中心

Center for Industrial Economics and Technology Institute of Economics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;

杨秋怡

复旦发展研究院

Qiuyi Yang

Fudan Development Institute (FDDI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Jose Eduardo Roselino

巴西圣卡洛斯联邦大学

Federal University of Sao Carlos-UFSCar, Sao Carlos, Brazil.

Marcos Jose Barbieri Ferreira

巴西坎皮纳斯大学应用科学学院

School of Applied Sciences-UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil.

Renato Garcia

巴西坎皮纳斯大学经济研究所

Institute of Economics-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.

注:所有作者均为共同第一作者

摘要/Abstract

本研究旨在分析 2000 年至 2019 年间制造业对高收入 (HIC) 和中等收入国家 (MIC) 发展的贡献,通过检验倒 U 曲线假说重新审视制造业与经济发展之间的联系(Rowthorn (1994);Palma (2005,超越改革:结构动态和宏观经济脆弱性);Rodrik (2016,经济增长杂志,21, 1–33)从制造内部的角度来看增长。本研究的初步贡献在于通过检验制造业在 GDP 中所占的份额(以增加值衡量),而是通过生产率和工资增长的结构分解来衡量制造业对发展的贡献,来检验中等收入国家和高收入国家这种关系的有效性。该研究的主要发现是:(i) 结果并未表明,随着中等收入和高收入国家(中等收入国家和高收入国家)人均收入水平的提高,制造业对发展的贡献有所下降。事实上,在几乎所有计量经济指标中,没有观察到制造业对发展的贡献与人均收入水平之间存在倒U形曲线的证据; (ii) 在中等收入国家,经验证据揭示了一种大致一致的模式,即人均收入的增长与制造业对发展的贡献不断增加有关,无论是从生产率增长还是工资增长的角度来衡量;(iii) 对于高收入国家,与从正常或积极去工业化的解释中可以推断出的相反,在生产率行为方面没有观察到倒 U 型曲线。关于工资变量,除了高科技部门的结构变革部分之外,随着人均收入的上升,其对发展的贡献几乎普遍呈下降趋势。虽然有悖常理,但这种模式可能反映出国际竞争的加剧(主要通过全球价值链),从而压低了高收入经济体的制造成本。这些发现挑战了“自然”去工业化的概念,并强调了制造业的持续相关性,特别是在技术密集型行业。他们强调需要针对部门异质性和国情制定产业和创新政策,特别是考虑到正在重塑全球生产体系的数字和绿色转型。

This paper aims to analyze manufacturing’s contribution to development in high-income (HIC) and middle-income countries (MIC) from 2000 to 2019, revisiting the link between manufacturing and economic development by testing the inverted-U curve hypothesis (Rowthorn (1994); Palma (2005, Beyond Reforms: Structural Dynamics and Macroeconomic Vulnerability); Rodrik (2016, Journal of Economic Growth, 21, 1–33)) from an intra-manufacturing perspective. The original contribution of the analysis presented in this paper is to test the validity of this relationship for MIC and HIC by examining not the share of manufacturing in GDP (measured by value added), but the contribution of the manufacturing sector to development measured by the structural decomposition of productivity and wage growth. The paper’s main findings are: (i) the results do not indicate a decline in the contribution of manufacturing to development among middle- and high-income countries (MICs and HICs) as they attain higher levels of per capita income. In fact, across nearly all econometric specifications, no evidence of an inverted-U-shaped curve was observed between the manufacturing’s contribution to development and per capita income levels; (ii) in MIC, the empirical evidence reveals a broadly consistent pattern whereby rising per capita income is associated with an increasing contribution of manufacturing to development, whether measured in terms of productivity growth or wage growth, and (iii) For HIC, contrary to what can be inferred from the interpretations of normal or positive deindustrialization, no inverted-U curve is observed regarding the behavior of productivity. Regarding the wage variable, there is an almost generalized tendency for its contribution to development to decline as per capita income rises, except within the structural change component for high-technology sectors. Although counterintuitive, this pattern may reflect intensified international competition—mainly via global value chains—pushing down manufacturing costs in high-income economies. These findings challenge the notion of “natural” deindustrialization and highlight the persistent relevance of manufacturing, especially in technologically intensive sectors. They underscore the need for industrial and innovation policies tailored to sectoral heterogeneity and national contexts, particularly in light of digital and green transitions that are reshaping global production systems.

全文链接/Link

https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaf065

来源|Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 00, Number 00, pp. 1-31

排版 | 赵浩博