来源：市场资讯
蒋露瑶/发自北京
作为全球可持续发展的先行者，芬兰已连续第五年在联合国可持续发展目标（SDG）实施排名中位列第一。芬兰何以取得这样的成绩？芬兰为何将可持续发展视为国家核心价值？4月10日，以“‘芬’享未来，‘育’见可持续”为主题的中芬教育交流会在芬兰共和国驻华大使馆举办。芬兰驻华大使明凯（Mikko Kinnunen）在致辞中指出，可持续发展不应停留于口号，而应真正扎根于教育、文化、艺术与体育的日常实践。
教育先行，可持续发展从童年扎根
明凯强调，可持续发展深深根植于芬兰的教育体系之中。芬兰国家课程体系将可持续发展作为一种价值观，不单独拆分为独立的科目，而是深度融入所有学校的运营和教学之中。
明凯提到，芬兰国家创新基金会（Sitra）会为学校开发教材、工具包和项目，通过让学生参与任务，引导学生参与回收、循环经济和可持续发展，培养他们的主人翁意识。
目前，Sitra已开发了覆盖小学、高中和职业学校的循环经济教材，与超过50所学校、大学和机构合作，仅在2018-2019年间，就有超过7万名芬兰儿童学习了循环经济课程。
同时，芬兰还将公平与包容融入教育体系，通过男女同班、个性化支持、免费教育等方式减少社会经济差距。明凯指出，芬兰国家政策保障所有学生享有平等的教育机会，各学校需制定各自的平等包容方案。
具体的实践中，芬兰教育体系以全纳教育为核心原则，致力于让所有学生，无论其背景、能力或特殊需求如何，都能在主流课堂中接受教育。芬兰教育法规定，不得因学生残疾而剥夺其入学资格，除非该学生对自己或他人构成危险。
芬兰也没有单一性别学校，所有学校均为男女同校，男孩和女孩从基础教育阶段开始就在同一课堂中学习与互动，为男女学生提供了平等的发展平台。
同时，芬兰从学前教育到高等教育的所有阶段均实行免费教育，在基础教育阶段，免费不仅包括学费，还涵盖教科书、学习材料、教学工具，每位学生每个上学日都能获得一顿免费的热餐。对于有特殊需求的学生，还会免费提供助听器等。高中阶段同样实行免学费政策，还额外提供笔记本电脑等学习设备。
此外，芬兰还要求教师接受系统培训，来识别和应对性别刻板印象和歧视，鼓励学生抛开性别限制，选择任意学科。2025年，芬兰教育与文化部发布了2025-2027年平等与非歧视计划，帮助教师和教育工作者识别和应对基于性别、外貌、世界观、性取向、残疾等个人特征的欺凌、骚扰和歧视行为。该计划包含八项具体措施，涵盖教师能力建设、性别隔离消除、教材编写等多个方面。
以自然为中心，共享全球经验
芬兰地理面积广阔，但人口相对稀少，超过75%的国土被森林覆盖，是世界上森林覆盖率最高的国家之一，同时也是全欧洲森林覆盖率最高的国家。
“我们从很小的时候就与自然建立了紧密的联系。”明凯在对话新浪财经时表示，芬兰人习惯于在森林、国家公园、湖泊和海洋中度过户外时光，自然用多种方式赋予人们力量，这正是整个芬兰社会致力于可持续发展的基础。同时，作为北欧国家，气候变化对芬兰而言也是切实的挑战，因此芬兰对此极为重视。
芬兰在气候变化领域雄心勃勃。2019年，芬兰五个执政党在政府组阁谈判中，将“2035碳中和”的目标写入政府纲领，即2035年实现“碳中和”，通过植树、使用再生能源、购买碳汇等方式，完全抵消芬兰排放的二氧化碳。四年后，芬兰新《气候法》生效，这一目标由此具备了法律约束力。
谈及芬兰为何将碳中和目标设定为2035年，明凯大使表示，芬兰的可持续发展模式始终以自然为中心。“芬兰文化中强调尊重自然，并确立了保护自然是社会的共同责任。芬兰人从小养成的行为与态度，能够带来真正的改变。”
明凯也强调共享全球经验的重要性。他提到，自2017年起，芬兰国家创新基金会（Sitra）发起了“世界循环经济论坛”，每年汇聚全球政策制定者、专家和从业者，分享全球前沿的循环经济解决方案，并探讨企业如何把握机遇，实现经济效益与环境效益的双赢。中国也曾积极参与其中，举办专题讨论、参与双边对话、探讨合作机会。
中芬携手，共筑绿色未来
明凯高度评价中芬两国在可持续发展领域的合作。他强调，“能源相关问题是中国与芬兰合作的关键领域之一”。今年年初芬兰总理彼得里·奥尔波访华期间亦对此进行了深入讨论。
根据《关于推进中芬面向未来的新型合作伙伴关系的联合工作计划（2025-2029）》，低碳发展和可持续增长被列为双方合作的首要领域之一，涵盖能源转型、循环经济、气候与生物多样性等关键议题。双方将气候变化、碳中和、循环经济确定为双边科技创新合作的优先领域。
在具体合作方面，芬兰经济事务与就业部与中国国家能源管理局自2017年签署谅解备忘录，确定在储能、智能电网、地热等领域开展示范项目合作。
中芬能源合作的首批示范项目中，广州南沙“多位一体”微能源网项目已建成投产。该项目由中国南方电网广东广州供电局与三家芬兰企业合作建设，通过整合冷热电综合能源供给体系，打造粤港澳大湾区智慧低碳园区的标杆样本，是中芬能源领域首个成功投产的示范工程。
今年1月，在芬兰总理奥尔波访华期间，谅解备忘录再次续签。目前，已有三个生物能源试点项目正在进行，涵盖区域供热、创新碳技术及纳米技术应用。明凯认为，芬兰和中国在可持续能源和绿色转型方面都拥有丰富的技术知识，合作前景广阔。
对话实录：
Sina Finance: Finland is globally recognized as a pioneer in sustainable development, from the circular economy to carbon neutrality. At a macro level, why does sustainability matter so deeply to Finland as a nation?
Mikko Kinnunen: Finland is a geographically large country with not that many people – more than 75 % of Finland’s area is covered in forest. Therefore, we grow up from an early age with a connection to nature, maybe more so than in many other countries. Finnish people are used to spending time outdoors, in forests, national parks and swimming in the sea and in lakes, and I think this is the basis of our commitment to sustainability as a society. Nature – being close to nature – empowers people in different ways.
Linking the question to education, sustainability is also ingrained in our education system already from childhood. For example, the Finnish Innovation Fund, Sitra creates materials, toolkits and projects for schools to teach children about recycling, circularity and sustainability through real-life tasks that promote student participation and ownership.
Due to our climate as a northern country, climate change is a concrete issue for Finland, and we take it very seriously.
Sina Finance: Finland has set one of the world’s most ambitious climate targets – carbon neutral by 2035. This goes beyond international commitments. What motivated Finland to set such a high bar for itself? And how would you define the “Finnish model” of sustainability that other countries can learn from?
Mikko Kinnunen: To continue on my previous reply, I would say that the Finnish model of sustainability centers on nature. Finnish culture reinforces respect towards nature and enforces a shared responsibility towards protecting it. People's own behaviour and attitude – from an early age – make a difference.
Finland highlights the importance of global experience sharing. To name one example, the Finnish Innovation Fund, Sitra, is known for organizing the World Circular Economy Forum, which brings together policymakers, experts, and practitioners across the world to discuss key circular economy topics annually. China has also participated.
Sina Finance: More than half of China’s electricity consumption still relies on fossil fuels, though renewables are growing rapidly. Finland has deep expertise in energy efficiency, smart grids, and clean heating/cooling. How can the two countries complement each other’s strengths to accelerate both transitions? What specific technologies are most ripe for deeper cooperation?
Mikko Kinnunen: Energy-related issues are one of the key fields of cooperation between Finland and China. The Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment and the Chinese National Energy Administration have had an MoU already dating back to 2017, and it was recently renewed during the visit of Finland’s Prime Minister, Mr. Petteri Orpo, in January this year. For example, we currently have three ongoing pilot projects, collaborations between Finnish and Chinese companies, focusing on bioenergy, in particular on regional heating systems, innovative carbon technologies, and applications of nanotechnology. Finland and China both have plenty of technical know-how regarding sustainable energy and the green transition, creating fruitful possibilities for further co-operation.
Sina Finance: Sustainability is not only environmental; social inclusion and gender equality are integral to Finland’s approach. Finland is promoting equity and reducing gender segregation in education. Could you explain how Finland integrates gender equality into its broader sustainability framework?
Mikko Kinnunen: Gender equality and inclusion are important principles in the Finnish education system, guided by national policies that ensure equal access and non-discrimination for all students. In addition to national plans, individual schools are mandated to plan their own equality & inclusion blueprints. In practice, schools promote equity through, for example, mixed-gender classrooms, individualized support, and free education (including meals and materials). The aim of these practices is to reduce social and economic disparities. Moreover, teachers are trained to recognize and challenge stereotypes and to encourage students to pursue any subjects regardless of gender. Additionally, inclusion is emphasized through support for students with diverse needs, integrating them into mainstream classrooms whenever possible.
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