贵州，地处中国西南内陆腹地，毗邻川、渝、湘、桂、滇，跨长江和珠江两大水系。贵州多山，属于中国四大高原之一的云贵高原，是全国唯一没有平原的省份。“天无三日晴，地无三尺平”是对其生动的写照。连绵起伏的山峦间，上千条大小河流纵横交错，形成了此地温暖湿润的气候。
独特的自然地理特征，塑造了贵州独特的历史与文化。这里有奇特的岩溶地貌、奔腾的瀑布、壮丽的梯田；有丰富多彩的少数民族聚落、沿江商贸古镇和省域守卫屯堡；还有遍布全省的长征红色革命遗迹。在中国共产党成立100周年的历史时刻，习近平总书记曾视察贵州，提出要从长征精神和遵义会议精神中深刻感悟初心，走好新时代的长征路，这是革命精神的延续，更是贵州走向世界的新征程。
山川和岩溶塑造了贵州瑰丽迷人的自然底色
贵州位于滇西高原到湘西丘陵的过渡地段，平均海拔1100米左右。这个西北高东南低、中间高四周低的省份，由乌蒙山、大娄山、武陵山，以及苗岭构建起地形骨架。125万座山让蜿蜒的长江、珠江由此“分道扬镳”，诸多如同毛细血管的河流，乌江、赤水、北盘江等，逐渐形成。据统计，贵州境内长度超过10千米的河流多达984条。
山与水总在亿万年间，或强或弱地碰撞、交织，不断塑造着贵州独特的地理环境。两亿年前，这里曾是一片汪洋大海，近18次地壳升降运动和3次褶皱运动，让沧海幻化为了高原，低洼水域抬升为隆起的高地。贵州成了“背斜成山，向斜成谷”“地无三尺平”的“山国”。人们因地制宜发展耕种，创造了遍布丘陵的梯田奇观。
山峦间常积聚着厚厚的云雾，让贵州“天无三日晴”。贵州降雨多、湿度大，全域年降水量大都在1100毫米以上。雨水让地上河流与地下暗流更加充沛，它们共同造就了贵州全域2/3的岩溶地貌，兴义市奇特的岩溶万峰林、世界自然遗产荔波锥体和塔状岩溶地貌，遍布贵州的各种溶洞、堆积石笋等由此诞生。
多彩的民族村寨是贵州重要的文化宝藏
贵州位于西南各省交界的中心地带，受“偏安一隅、山水阻隔”的自然地理条件的影响，贵州在历史上远离皇权管束，难以形成覆盖全域的统治力量，强大的中原文化势力也只是在明代以后才跨越千山万水，涌入贵州。
秦汉以来，在四川、两湖、两广及云南等周边各地区社会形势不断变化的背景下，濮人、氐羌、苗瑶和百越等各民族，相继涌入了贵州山区，让贵州成了西南四大族系交会的接合部，并逐渐形成了多姿多彩的少数民族聚集区。
久而久之，各民族聚集区又受到贵州“中间高四周低”地形特征的影响，不断受到东、南、西、北邻近文化区楚、粤、滇、巴蜀文化的深度影响，具有了不同地域文化的特性。同时，各独立文化区又凭借各自封闭的地形，形成了诸多更加细分的独立文化聚落。在贵州境内，经过漫长的发育、交流和影响，形成了48个少数民族，有黔东南苗族侗族自治州（以下简称黔东南州）、黔南布依族苗族自治州（以下简称黔南州）、黔西南布依族苗族自治州（以下简称黔西南州）的苗族、侗族、布依族等，各民族逐渐形成了各自缤纷而又互通的文化圈。
各个民族聚落隐居山间、河畔，顺应自然亦秉承传统，形成了自己独特的建筑风格、服饰、美食、民俗、信仰等文化体系；抑或是依托河流、古道，逐渐形成了曾经繁华的商贸驿站，如明清川盐入黔古道上的商贸古镇——丙安村。这些聚落以名镇名村、传统村落的形态延续着，共同塑造了一个多彩贵州。
据统计，在中国五批6819个传统村落中，贵州以724个传统村落的数量，位居全国第一，其中有一半以上分布在黔东南州。黔东南州是苗族、侗族的聚集区，也是贵州传统村落分布数量最多且最为密集的地方。铜仁市的印江、石阡、松桃、思南等县（自治县），以及安顺市的西秀、平坝、关岭等区县，也均是传统村落的集中分布地。
从江县内世居着苗族、侗族，隶属黔东南州。其下辖村落历史悠久的古老侗寨、苗寨众多，比如苗寨谷坪乡五一村党苟寨、侗寨庆云镇佰你村迫面寨。这里有着极具地域特色的服饰，也有国家级非物质文化遗产—侗族大歌、苗绣。
安顺西秀区于汉代置夜郎县，是彝族、白族、回族等20多个少数民族的聚集地，保留着战国至汉的夜郎古国遗址，以及牂牁文化、明代的“屯堡文化”。贵州铜仁地区的石阡县也属于藏族、白族、彝族等少数民族聚集地，汉代属夜郎国。石阡县的楼上古寨是中国传统村落，其始祖为明代以经商方式从四川迁徙到贵州的难民。村寨处于群山间，仍保留着梓潼宫、周氏宗祠等传统建筑群，还传承着特殊的木偶戏，被称为“中国木偶戏之乡”。
贵州传统村落是红色文化的重要传承地
1930年至1936年，中国共产党领导的红七军、红八军、红三军、红六军、中央红军、红二军团在贵州开展的革命工作产生了重要影响。据贵州省委、省政府2014年统计和认定，贵州革命老区县（市、区）就有41个，占全省县级行政区划的46%，更有革命遗址近2078处。
红军长征对贵州的影响尤为深远。2021年2月，习近平总书记在贵州考察时强调：“当年长征时，红军在贵州活动时间最长、活动范围最广，为我们留下宝贵精神财富。”贵州境内有关红军长征文化的遗产地多达900多处，是全国红军长征文化最有代表性的省份之一。
当时，鉴于贵州国民党、军阀势力相对薄弱，长征红军从湖南挺进贵州，先后建立了黔东、黔北、黔西北革命根据地和滇黔桂边区革命根据地。他们在贵州打土豪、分田地、建立党组织和群众组织、进行扩红运动，使红军得以休养生息、发展壮大。
中央红军在这里开启了强渡乌江、四渡赤水、娄山关战役等系列战役；召开了以遵义会议为核心的系列会议：黎平会议、猴场会议、枫香溪会议、遵义会议、苟坝会议等，总结了第五次反围剿失利的原因，确定了毛泽东的领导地位和正确的领导方向，实现了红军长征的重要转折，指导着长征红军一路凯旋。
见证着红军长征的历史遗迹散布贵州全省，很多传统村落、古镇都是红军斗争的主要阵地。有开启四渡赤水序幕的遵义赤水市丙安村，有红军强渡乌江的渡口—遵义市湄潭县沿江村细沙组，有遵义会议后补充会议——苟坝会议的召开地播州区苟坝村，还有贺龙红三军建立黔东革命根据地的起点——铜仁德江县枫溪社区等。此外，还有红三军七师暂住过的铜仁沿河县红溪村，贵州最早党组织——中国共产党赤水合江特别支部委员会（以下简称“中共赤合特支”）的创建地赤水市大同镇，拼死抗击日寇的黔南三都县石板寨，以及共产党早期革命先烈邓恩铭的故乡——黔南荔波县水浦村、龙大道的故乡——黔东南锦屏县茅坪村等。
这些遗留在传统村落中的革命点滴，是中国共产党在贵州发展历史的重要见证，也是新时代中国弘扬革命精神、重走长征路的基石。
《走近贵州红色传统村落》遴选了贵州遵义、铜仁、黔东南、黔南州下辖的10个最具代表性的传统村落，记述村落中的民族风情和红色文化。这些村落所处的自然地理环境不同，所在的文化区域不同，历史文化、建筑风格、民俗非遗也迥然不同。它们都同中国近现代红色革命息息相关，很多更是红军长征路上重要事件的承载地。时至今日，这些村落都以其民族风情和红色文化传承为荣，在传统村落保护、村落发展和脱贫攻坚等工作中，依然以红色文化为精神宝库，坚持奋斗，取得了积极的成效。本书通过对这些红色传统村落进行历史梳理和价值挖掘，引导人们探究体会贵州传统村落中别具风情的民族特色，感悟乡村在中国近现代革命历史尤其是红军长征历史中的重要意义，感受红色文化带来的巨大改革和发展力量。
希望这些传统村落能让你领略贵州大地的多彩与丰富，带你发现不一样的贵州。
Guizhou, located in the hinterland of southwest China, is adjacent to Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, Yunnan Provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and straddles two major water systems, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. Guizhou is mountainous and belongs to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, one of the four major plateaus in China, and is the only province in China where there is no plain in the territory. As the saying goes, here “the sun never shines for more than three days, and it’s hard to find flat ground longer than three feet.” The undulating mountains are crisscrossed by thousands of rivers of various sizes, creating a warm and moist atmosphere.
The unique natural and geographical features have shaped the history and culture of Guizhou. People come for the fascinating karst landforms, rushing waterfalls and magnificent terraces. They stay for the diversified settlements of ethnic minority groups, ancient towns of commerce and trade along the rivers, cantonments that defended the region, and red revolutionary relics of the Long March all over the province. On the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), General Secretary Xi Jinping visited Guizhou and pointed out that we should learn profoundly from the spirit of the Long March and the Zunyi Conference, and embarked on a new Long March in the new era, which is the continuation of the revolutionary spirit and the determination of Guizhou to embrace the world.
Mountains and karsts shape the breathtaking natural beauty of Guizhou
Guizhou is located in the transition zone from the western Yunnan plateau to the western Hunan hills, with an average altitude of about 1,100 meters. This province, which is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, while high in the middle and low in the surroundings, has its spine built up by the Wumeng Mountains, the Dalou Mountains, the Wuling Mountains, and the Miaoling Mountains. 1.25 million mountains and hills diverge the two great rivers, and many tributaries, such as the Wujiang River, Chishui River and Beipan River, spread like capillaries and nourish the area. According to statistics, there are 984 rivers with a length of more than 10 kilometers in Guizhou.
Mountains and rivers have always met and intertwined over hundreds of millions of years, constantly shaping the unique geography of Guizhou. Two hundred million years ago, it was once the sea, but nearly 18 crustal movements and three folding movements have transformed the region into a plateau, and the low-lying waters have been raised up into uplifted highlands. Guizhou became a “realm of mountains” with hills and valleys everywhere and no flat land over three feet long. People have developed farming according to local conditions and created terraced wonders all over the hills.
The mountains are often filled with thick clouds and fog, making Guizhou a place where “the sun never shines for more than three days” and where rainfall and humidity are high, with the annual precipitation generally over 1,100 mm. The rain makes the rivers and underground streams more abundant, which together create two-thirds of the karst landscapes in the whole area of Guizhou, resulting in the marvelous karst stone Wanfenglin (Forest of Ten Thousands Peaks) in Xinyi City, the cone and tower karsts of Libo, a world natural heritage site, and the various caves and stacked stalagmites all over Guizhou.
Diversiffed villages of ethnic groups are important cultural treasures of Guizhou
Guizhou is at the center of the border area of the southwestern provinces, and due to its geographical conditions of being “isolated by mountains and water”, Guizhou has historically been far from imperial control and has never had a ruling power covering the whole region. It was only after the Ming Dynasty that the powerful cultural forces of the Central Plains crossed the natural barriers into Guizhou.
For this reason, since the Qin and Han dynasties, against the background of the changing social patterns in the surrounding areas of Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan, various ethnic groups, such as the Pu, Diqiang, Miao and Yao and Baiyue, have poured into the mountainous areas of Guizhou, which are sparsely populated and weakly ruled, making it a combination of the four major ethnic groups in the southwest, and gradually forming a diversified gathering area of ethnic groups.
Over time, the ethnic areas were influenced by its topography that is “high in the middle and low in the surroundings”, and the cultures were blended with the neighboring cultures of Hubei, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Sichuan, which gave Guizhou the characteristics of different regional cultures. At the same time, the separate ethnic areas, with their own closed topography, formed many separate cultural settlements. In Guizhou, after a long period of development, exchange and influence, 48 ethnic groups were formed, which gradually created their own colorful and interconnected cultural circles. Three major ethnic group communities have been since formed: the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referrd to as Qiandongnan), the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referrd to as Qiannan), and the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (hereinafter referrd to as Qianxinan).
These ethnic communities, located amid the mountains and the rivers, have developed their own unique cultural systems of architecture, costumes, cuisines, folklore, and religions, in accordance with nature and tradition. Some of them, relying on rivers and ancient roads, gradually transformed into once prosperous trading posts, such as the ancient trading town of Bing’an Village on the ancient salt route from Sichuan to Guizhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. These settlements have continued in the form of famous towns and traditional villages, and together they have shaped a colorful Guizhou.
According to statistics, among the five batches of 6,819 traditional villages in China, Guizhou ranks first among all provinces and regions in the country with 724 traditional villages. More than half of them are distributed in the Qiandongnan, which is the gathering area of Miao and Dong ethnic groups. This makes Qiandongnan the area with the largest number of traditional villages and the densest distribution in Guizhou. In the Tongren region of northern Guizhou, the traditional villages are concentrated in Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Shiqian County, Songtao Miao Autonomous County, and Sinan County. Some other places where such traditional villages abound include Xixiu District, Pingba District, and Guanling Buyi and Miao Autonomous County of Anshun.
There are many old Dong and Miao villages with a long history under the jurisdiction of Congjiang County in Guizhou, such as the Miao Danggou Section of Wuyi Village in Guping Township and the Dong Pomian Section of Baini Village in Qingyun Township. The region is known for its Dong songs and Miao embroidery-two national intangible cultural heritages, as well as clothes with regional characteristics.
Xixiu District of Anshun was the Yelang Kingdom in Han Dynasty and a Yelang County was set up here, which is the gathering place of more than 20 ethnic groups such as Yi, Bai and Hui. The ruins of the ancient Yelang from the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty, and the Zangke culture and the Tunbao culture of the Ming Dynasty survive here. Shiqian County in Tongren region, is a place where Tibetan, Bai, Yi and other ethnic groups gather, and was part of the Yelang Kingdom in the Han Dynasty. The Loushang Village of Shiqian County is a traditional village, whose ancestors migrated from Sichuan to Guizhou for business in the Ming Dynasty as refugees. Nowadays, the village in the mountains still kept its traditional buildings such as Zitong Palace and Zhou’s Ancestral Hall, and a special puppet show is inherited here, which gives the village the name “home of Chinese puppet show”.
Traditional villages in Guizhou preserve and carry forward the red culture
From1930 to 1936, the Seventh Red Army, the Eighth Red Army, the Third Red Army and the Sixth Red Army Corps, the Central Red Army, the Second Red Army Corps and the Sixth Red Army Corps, all led by the CPC, engaged in revolutionary campaigns in Guizhou. According to the statistics and identiffcation by the Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and Provincial Government in 2014, there are 41 revolutionary counties (cities and prefectures) in Guizhou, accounting for 46% of the province’s countylevel administrative divisions, and nearly 2,078 revolutionary sites and monuments (2010).
The influence of the Long March of the Red Army on Guizhou is particularly profound. General Secretary Xi Jinping once pointed out that Guizhou was the province on the Long March where the Red Army was active for the longest time, with the widest area of activities, leaving us precious spiritual wealth. There are more than 900 monumental sites about the Long March in Guizhou, which make it one of the most representative provinces of the Long March culture in China.
At that time, since the power of the Kuomintang and warlords was weak in Guizhou, the Red Army advanced from Hunan to Guizhou on the Long March and established Qiandong, Qianbei, and Qianxibei revolutionary bases in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi border area. In Guizhou, they fought the local tyrants, gave the land to the local people, established Party branches and mass organizations, and expanded the Red Army force, which enabled the Red Army to recuperate and grow.
The First Red Army engaged in multiple famous battles here, such as the Crossing of Wujiang River, the Four Crossings of Chishui River and the Battle of Loushanguan. A series of meetings, represented by the Zunyi Conference, were held here, such as the Liping Conference, the Houchang Conference, the Fengxiangxi Conference and the Gouba Conference. They summed up the reasons for the failure of the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign, established Mao Zedong’s leadership and the correct direction of leadership, achieved an important turning point in the Red Army’s Long March, leading the Red Army to victory all the way.
The historical relics witnessing the Long March are scattered all over Guizhou, and many traditional villages and ancient towns were the main fronts of the Red Army’s struggle. There is the village of Bing’an in Chishui City, Zunyi, where the Four Crossings of Chishui River took place, the Xisha Subvillage in Yanjiang Village, Meitan County, Zunyi, where the Red Army fought the battle of the Crossing of the Wujiang River, the Gouba Village in Bozhou District, where the Gouba Conference, a supplementary meeting after the Zunyi Conference, was held, and the starting point of the Revolutionary Base in Eastern Guizhou established by the Third Red Army with He Long as the General General He Long, Fengxi Community in Dejiang County, Tongren, which was the revolutionary base in Qiandong. In addition, there is also Hongxi Village in Yanhe County of Tongren, where the Seventh Division of the Third Red Army temporarily stationed, Datong Town in Chishui City, where, the Chishui & Hejiang Special Branch of CPC, the earliest party organization in Guizhou, was founded, Shiban village in Sandu County, Qiannan, the people of which fought the Japanese invaders to the death, and Shuipu Village in Libo County , Qiannan, the hometown of Deng Enming, one of the revolutionary pioneers of the CPC, and Maoping Village in Jinping County, Qiandongnan, the hometown of Long Dadao.
The revolutionary vestiges in these traditional villages are important testimonies to the history of the CPC in Guizhou, and also the cornerstone for China to carry forward the revolutionary spirit and retrace the long march in the new era.
Red Traditional Villages in Guizhou selects 10 most representative traditional villages in Zunyi, Tongren, Qiandongnan and Qiannan of Guizhou, and records and narrates the ethnic customs and red culture in them. These villages are located in different natural geographic environments and cultural regions, and have very diverse historical landscapes, architectural styles, and folklore. They are all closely related to the Red Revolution in modern China, and many of them are the places where important events on the Long March took place. To this day, these villages have always been proud of their ethnic customs and the Red Culture inheritance, and still take the Red Culture as their spiritual treasure house in the fight against poverty and traditional village protection and development, and persist in their dedicated efforts, which achieved positive results. This book aims to sort out and excavate the historical stories of these red and traditional villages and the value of their cultural heritage, guide people to experience the distinctive ethnic characteristics of Guizhou’s traditional villages, appreciate their importance in China’s modern revolutionary history, especially the history of the Long March of the Red Army, and feel the tremendous power for reform and development brought by the Red Culture.
It is our sincere hope that these traditional villages give you a taste of the colorfulness and richness of Guizhou, and lead you to discover the diversified beauty of Guizhou.
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