盛夏热浪翻涌，世界杯战火正酣。赛场上比分交替、绝杀与逆转轮番上演。
东道主墨西哥队凭“天时地利人和”破除“淘汰赛魔咒”晋级16强，佛得角队则以“上下同欲者胜”的信念上演黑马传奇——这些“赛场密码”，正值得用中英双语细细解读。
当地时间6月30日，墨西哥队球员庆祝进球。图源：新华社
以下中英文内容来自中华思想文化术语传播工程核心成果——《中华思想文化术语》丛书。
天时地利人和
Opportune time, geographic advantage,
and unity of the people
“天时”本指作战时的有利气候，泛指时间上的各种有利条件，包括天气、时机、机遇等；“地利”本指作战时的有利地形，泛指空间上的各种有利条件，包括地形、地势、区位等；“人和”本指得到人们拥护，上下同心， 团结一致，泛指人的优势。
"Opportune time", which originally referred to the favorable weather at the time of war, now generally refers to various temporal advantages, including weather, timing, opportunity, and so on. "Geographic advantage", which originally referred to advantageous positions in battle, now refers to generally various favorable spacial conditions, including terrain, position, location, and such. "Unity of the people", which originally referred to popular support, unity of all ranks, and societal solidarity, now refers in general to advantages in personnel.
古人认为，它们是事关成败的三种最重要的因素；而且“天时不如地利，地利不如人和”，其中起决定作用的是“人和”。 它反映了中国人考虑问题的三个基本向度——时间（时机）、空间（环境） 和人，体现“以人为本”的基本理念。
Ancient Chinese believed that these three were the most important factors for success. Among them, "unity of the people" is decisive because "opportune time is not as valuable as geographic advantage, and geographic advantage is not as valuable as unity of the people". The saying reflects the three fundamental dimensions of a problem the Chinese people take into consideration: time (opportunity), space (environment), and people. It reflects the basic notion of putting people at the center of everything.
▌引例
天时不如地利，地利不如人和。（《孟子·公孙丑下》））
Favorable weather conditions are not as valuable as favorable geographic conditions, and favorable geographic conditions are not as valuable as the unity of the people. (Mencius)
上下同欲者胜
Triumph comes when leaders and followers
share the same goal.
上下齐心协力，才能取得胜利。是由中国古代军事家孙武提出的重要思想。大到国家、军队，小到一个单位，无论职位高低，都应该抱持同样的愿望、意志和目标，这样就能凝聚众人的智慧、发挥最大的战力。它强调人的精神作用和团结之力，体现“以人为本”的中华思维特质。
This is an important concept put forward by Sunzi, the great strategist of ancient China. No matter what their position or level, the people in a state, an army or even a work unit should share the same aspiration, will and goal. Only then can all their wisdom be pooled together and their combat capacity be brought to the full. This concept stresses the importance of human spirit and solidarity, embodying one of the essential Chinese conceptions — "people first".
▌引例
故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。（《孙子•谋攻》）
There are five ways to predict victory in a battle. Victory can be achieved by: knowing under what conditions one can or cannot go to a battle; knowing how to use flexible tactics to win a battle based on the number of troops under one's command; when officers and soldiers are united as one; when well-prepared troops attack an unprepared enemy; and when commanders are talented and capable, and the monarch does not interfere. (The Art of War)
奇正
Qi or zheng
/ surprise or normal
“奇”是反常的、出其不意的，“正”是正面的、正常的。最早由《老子》提出。主要含义有二：其一，作为军事用语，指两种不同的用兵应敌的方式：“正”指在了解敌方作战意图基础上的正面应敌，“奇”指隐蔽自己的作战意图，灵活地运用偷袭、设伏等手段，以达到出其不意的效果。“奇”与“正”的运用需要相互配合。
Qi (奇) means surprise while zheng (正) means direct and normal. First advanced by Laozi, the concept has two main meanings. First, it is a military term about two opposing ways of fighting. Zheng means meeting the enemy head-on based on an understanding of its intention，while Qi means keeping one's intention to oneself and launching surprise attack and laying ambush on the enemy in order to secure surprise victory. Zheng and qi need to be applied in a coordinated way.
“奇正”有时也被用来处理、应对日常事务。其二，作为文艺批评术语，用来称说文章思想内容上的纯正与奇诡以及文辞上的典雅与巧丽。
While a military term, qizheng is also used to deal with daily affairs. Second, as a term of literary and art criticism, it means an article is pure and original in terms of theme and elegant and stylish in terms of diction.
▌引例
以正治国，以奇用兵，以无事取天下。（《老子·五十七章》）
A state should be ruled by the normal way, fighting should be conducted in a surprised way, while ideal governance should let people handle their own affairs. (Laozi)
兵形象水
Troop should charge forward
like the flow of water.
用兵作战之法就像水流一样。这是古代兵家孙武提出的兵学命题。意思是说，指挥打仗，不能拘泥于固定的战法，必须根据具体情况，迅即进行调整变换，扬长避短，就像水流随着地形地势的变化而呈现不同的形态一样。犹今之所谓采取灵活机动的战略战术，掌握战场主动权。
This military concept was formulated by Sunzi, the ancient military strategist. It means that in directing a battle, one must not adhere to a predetermined plan. Depending on the specific situation, rapid adjustments must be made to make the best use of one's strengths and to avoid one's weaknesses, just as water assumes different shapes as its flow follows the lie of the land. This is what is known today as using flexible tactics and strategies to gain the initiative on the battlefield.
▌引例
夫兵形象水。水之形，避高而趋下；兵之形，避实而击虚。水因地而制流，兵因敌而制胜。故兵无常势，水无常形，能因敌变化而取胜者谓之神。（《孙子•虚实》）
Commanding troops should be like the flow of water. Water runs from a high point to a low one. Troops should avoid attacking where the enemy defense is strong but instead attack where its defense is weak. Just as the flow of water is determined by terrain, war fighting should be based on the assessment of the enemy's situation to secure victory. Hence there is no set formation for troops and no set shape for water. The one who can win by understanding the enemy's situation can be called a godlike commander. (The Art of War)
中华思想文化术语
《中华思想文化术语（历史 哲学 文艺）》是国务院批准设立的“中华思想文化术语传播工程”的成果之一，以学生和教师等群体为读者对象，为其研读、理解和翻译中华思想文化相关内容提供准确权威、正本清源的参考。
这些术语反映了中国传统文化特征和民族思维方式，体现了中国核心价值，编写者用易于口头表达、交流的简练语言客观准确地予以诠释，目的是在政府机构、社会组织、传播媒体等对外交往活动中，传播好中国声音，讲好中国故事，让世界更多了解中国国情、历史和文化。
来源：中华思想文化术语
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