Sept. 4th 1957 - Arkansas troops block “Little Rock Nine” from entering segregated high school
阿肯色州军队阻止“小石城九人”进入种族隔离高中
On this day in 1957, Arkansas governor Orval Faubus enlists the National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering Central High School in Little Rock. The armed Arkansas militia troops surrounded the school while an angry crowd of some 400 whites jeered, booed, and threatened to lynch the frightened African American teenagers, who fled shortly after arriving. Faubus took the action in violation of a federal order to integrate the school. The conflict set the stage for the first major test of the U.S. Supreme Court’s unanimous 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in educational facilities is unconstitutional.
阿肯色州州长奥瓦尔·福布斯调动国民警卫队 ，阻止九名非裔美国学生进入小石城中央高中。武装的阿肯色州民兵包围了学校，约 400 名愤怒的白人围观者发出嘘声、嘲讽，并威胁要私刑处死这些惊恐的非裔美国青少年。这些青少年抵达学校后不久便逃离了现场。福布斯的这一行动违反了联邦政府要求学校实行种族融合的命令。这场冲突为美国最高法院 1954 年在 “布朗诉托皮卡教育委员会案”中一致裁定的教育机构种族隔离违宪的首次重大考验埋下了伏笔。
The historic decision, which brought an end to federal tolerance of racial segregation, specifically dealt with Linda Brown, a young African American girl who had been denied admission to her local elementary school in Topeka, Kansas, because of the color of her skin.
这项具有历史意义的决定结束了联邦政府对种族隔离的容忍，它特别涉及琳达·布朗，一位年轻的非裔美国女孩，她因为肤色而被堪萨斯州托皮卡当地的小学拒之门外。
In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” accommodations in railroad cars conformed to the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection. That ruling was used to justify segregating all public facilities, including elementary schools. However, in the case of Linda Brown, the white school she attempted to attend was far superior to her Black alternative and miles closer to her home. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) took up Linda’s cause, and in 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka reached the Supreme Court. African American lawyer (and future Supreme Court justice) Thurgood Marshall led Brown’s legal team, and on May 17, 1954, the high court handed down its decision.
1896 年， 最高法院在 “普莱西诉弗格森案” 中裁定，铁路车厢内“隔离但平等”的安排符合宪法第十四修正案保障的平等保护原则。这一裁决被用来为种族隔离所有公共设施（包括小学）辩护。然而，琳达·布朗的案例表明，她试图就读的白人学校远胜于黑人学校，而且离家也近得多。全国有色人种协进会（ NAACP ）为琳达奔走呼吁，1954 年 ，“布朗诉托皮卡教育委员会案” 最终上诉至最高法院。非裔美国律师（后来的最高法院大法官） 瑟古德·马歇尔领导了布朗的法律团队，1954 年 5 月 17 日，最高法院作出裁决。
In an opinion written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the nation’s highest court ruled that not only was the “separate but equal” doctrine unconstitutional in Linda’s case, it was unconstitutional in all cases because educational segregation stamped an inherent badge of inferiority on African American students. A year later, after hearing arguments on the implementation of their ruling, the Supreme Court published guidelines requiring public school systems to integrate “with all deliberate speed.”
在首席大法官厄尔·沃伦撰写的意见书中，美国最高法院裁定，“隔离但平等”原则不仅在琳达的案件中违宪，而且在所有案件中都违宪，因为教育隔离给非裔美国学生贴上了与生俱来的低人一等的标签。一年后，在听取了关于该裁决执行情况的辩论后，最高法院发布了指导方针，要求公立学校系统“以一切必要的速度”进行种族融合。
In 1957, the first major confrontation over this decision came when African American students attempted to integrate Central High School in Little Rock. After Governor Faubus surrounded the school with Arkansas National Guard troops, a showdown with federal officials ensued. On September 24, President Dwight Eisenhower sent 1,000 U.S. troops to Little Rock. The next day, the African American students entered under heavily armed guard. The episode served as a catalyst for the integration of other segregated schools in the United States.
1957 年，非裔美国学生试图进入小石城中央高中就读，这是围绕这一决定的首次重大冲突。州长福布斯派遣阿肯色州国民警卫队包围了学校，随后与联邦官员发生对峙。9 月 24 日， 德怀特·艾森豪威尔总统派遣 1000 名美军士兵进驻小石城。第二天，非裔美国学生在荷枪实弹的护卫下进入学校。这一事件成为美国其他种族隔离学校实现种族融合的催化剂。
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