说杭州,得从两千多年前说起。
秦始皇南巡,在钱塘江边设了钱唐县,这是杭州的前身。
那时西湖还是个江湾,潮水一来,一片汪洋。
隋炀帝开凿大运河,把杭州和北方拴在了一起,这地方才算真正通了气。
后来南宋定都临安,一百五十年间,北方的面食南方的米,汴京的咸鲜遇上钱塘的清淡,杭州人的口味就这么杂糅出来了。
一碗片儿川,雪菜笋片瘦肉片,汤浓面劲,就是南北交融的活证据。
杭州人有讲究。
立夏吃乌米饭,南烛叶汁浸糯米,乌黑油亮,撒上白糖,说是祛风解毒。
端午不止划龙舟,还得吃“五黄”,黄鱼、黄鳝、黄瓜、咸蛋黄、雄黄酒,
一桌子摆出来,江南的湿毒都得退三步。
老杭州过日子,就图这份踏实。
冬至那晚,家家户户要“扫疰”,拿新扫帚在屋里虚扫一圈,嘴里念叨几句,一年的晦气就算扫出去了。
这些规矩没什么人写在书上,但一辈传一辈,比法典还管用。
钱塘江是杭州的命,也是杭州的劫。
历史上这条江改过三次道,秦汉走南边,宋元甩到北面,每改一次,多少村子就沉江底了。
可杭州人认死理,江走了,人跟着走,田淹了,再开荒。
八月十八大潮,吞天沃日,敢下水弄潮的都是拿命搏。
这种“坍江不坍志”的性子,就长在杭州人的骨头里。
最后得说吃。
东坡肉是苏轼在杭州当官时留下的,慢火少水,炖到酥烂,百姓送的猪肉,他教人这么烧,一道菜里炖的是官民的情分。
西湖醋鱼更绝,草鱼湖里现捞,饿养三天去土腥,沸水氽熟,浇上糖醋汁,那口鲜甜酸,就是西湖水的味道。
杭州人喝茶也讲究,明前龙井,八九十度的水冲下去,叶子一旗一枪立起来,抿一口,把整个春天咽下去了。
这座城,说到底就是一句话:湖山是皮肉,烟火是筋骨。
浙菜里的硬角儿。
这东西根子深,800多年前南宋就有了,那时杭州是都城,酱鸭跟着运河传遍江南。
到了清代更不得了,成了达官显贵送礼的佳品,人称"官礼酱鸭",
跟北京烤鸭、南京板鸭齐名。
《杭俗遗风》里写得明白:每年八九月,各酒肆自制酱鸭,多者数百少者百余,远从上海都有人来买,过冬至就卖光。
鲁迅1935年给他妈写信还提过:"酱鸭酱肉,略起白花,蒸过之后,味仍不坏。
"丰子恺在《湖畔夜饮》里也写,端上来四只盆子。
酱鸭、酱肉、皮蛋、花生米,跟老友喝酒就靠这个。你说这鸭,八百年了,还没过时。
做法嘛,讲究。
绍兴麻鸭配湖羊酱油,洗、腌、晾、熬、酱、晒六道工序,气温得在5℃以下,高了就坏。
先腌后酱,腌时撒盐和火硝,再浸酱油48小时,中间翻身,最后晒三到五天。
蒸出来色泽枣红油亮,肉质紧实微弹,酱香浓郁咸鲜适口。
老杭州人讲:"酱鸭之于杭州,就如同饺子之于北方人。"
嘿,这话不是吹的,是八百年的底气。
杭州人的命,是榨菜鲜肉月饼给的。
说起这饼,得往清朝康熙年间扯。
传说康熙下江南到杭州,糕点师傅献上这月饼,龙颜大悦,从此扎根杭州。
但较真讲,涪陵榨菜1898年才诞生,康熙1722年就驾崩了,中间差一百多年。
所以另一说更靠谱。
出自杭州老字号五味和,最早是食堂师傅做的夜宵,吃的人多了才上架。
采芝斋1928年创立就拿它当招牌,到今年九十多年了。
杭州人讲:"杭州只有两种月饼,鲜肉榨菜和其他月饼。"这话不是吹的。
做法讲究。
猪后腿肉三肥七瘦剁成泥,涪陵榨菜切碎拌进去,加葱姜水顺一个方向搅上劲。
面皮分水油皮和油酥,反复擀卷三四次,层次才出得来。
烤箱180到200度,烤20来分钟,出炉酥皮直掉渣,咬一口汁水往外冒,咸鲜得很。
中秋不吃这口,总觉得少点啥。
讲白了,这饼吃的不是月饼,是杭州人骨子里那点念想。
这东西,说白了就是杭州人刻在骨子里的念想。
南宋建炎四年(1130年),金兀术被韩世忠堵在黄天荡,死磕四十九天。
老百姓送糕劳军,糕里藏纸条:"敌营像定榫,头大细腰身,当中一斩断,两头勿成形"。
韩世忠当夜出兵,拦腰截断,金军大溃。
这糕原叫"定榫糕",谐音成了"定胜糕"。《梦粱录》里白纸黑字记着。
从唐代常熟的"定升糕"到明代的"鼎盛糕",再到今天,近千年了。
你说这块糕里头,装的是啥?是老百姓的心气儿。
做法不复杂。
粳米和糯米按七比三磨粉,加红曲粉,过筛填进梨木模具,中间塞豆沙,旺火蒸十来分钟。
出锅两头大中间细,像银锭子,粉红粉红的。
咬一口,松软香甜,米香裹豆香,甜而不腻。
杭州人老话讲:"吃块定胜糕,心里定定胜,日子嘛,总归是好的。"
这话糙,理不糙。
这东西,说起来有一千多年history了。
五代十国那会儿,赵匡胤在安徽寿县打仗被围,粮都断了,
老百姓拿栗子面炸了饼送去,他吃完说了句:"此真大救驾也!"
后来当了皇帝,这饼就进了御厨。
南宋迁都临安,御厨把方子带到民间,
吴山一带的人改用面粉起酥,就成了现在的吴山酥油饼。
苏东坡有回冒雨游吴山,买了几只吃,说这饼一丝一丝的像身上的蓑衣,
取名叫"蓑衣饼"。
后来"蓑衣"跟"酥油"念着念着就混了,干脆叫酥油饼。
清代《儒林外史》里提过它,袁枚《随园食单》里记了做法,郁达夫也写过,说好吃是好吃,就是吃不饱。
杭州人讲:"这饼啊,灵得很!"
做法不复杂。
面粉分两份,一份加花生油揉成油酥,一份用沸水烫成雪花粉再加冷水揉成水油面。
油酥包进水油面,擀开卷起来,反复三次,对剖成两个饼坯,刀纹朝上摊成碗形。
油烧六成热,下锅炸到玉白色,捞出撒绵白糖、糖桂花、青梅末、玫瑰花碎。
成品金黄透亮,层酥叠起,上尖下圆像座小金山。
咬一口"咔嚓"一声,酥得掉渣又不碎,油而不腻,甜而不齁。
杭州老话讲:"吴山第一点",这话不是吹的。
不是猫的耳朵,是面做的。
这东西老了,北魏《齐民要术》里就记着"馎饦",跟它一个模样。
到了元代,山西人叫它"圪搓面",骑马打猎的人当吉利饭吃,还进过御宴。
最出彩的故事是清乾隆年间。
乾隆坐小船游西湖,突然落雨,躲船舱里饿得慌。
老渔翁说有面没擀面杖。
他孙女抱着猫说:"我用手捻!"面团揪一块,大拇指一推,猫耳朵就成了。
煮熟浇鱼虾卤汁,乾隆吃美了,问叫啥,姑娘说"猫耳朵"。
得,就这么传开了。
做法不复杂,但极讲究。
高筋面粉加盐和面,醒半小时。擀薄片切丁,大拇指一推,成了。
汤底拿鸡汤打底,虾仁、火腿、鸡丁、香菇、干贝一样样往里搁,火腿丁红得像玛瑙,鸡丁白得像琥珀。
一口下去,鲜得眉毛掉。
1997年评上中华名小吃。
杭州人讲,"吃碗猫耳朵,日子才有滋味",嗯,就是这个理儿。
来历没正经记载,但民间传得最广的是乾隆下江南那档子事。
龙舟迷路误入吴江黎里一座破庙,方丈拿糯米粉包豆沙油氽了端上来。
乾隆见那东西圆扁金黄,活像庙里香案前的蒲墩,说"就叫油墩吧"。
这一叫,几百年就过去了。
也有说法讲它从潮汕猪脚圈演变来,到了江浙,馅儿才换成萝卜丝。
做法看着粗,实则要命。
面糊不干不稀,萝卜丝切得匀,水分挤得准。
白铁漏勺模具,先舀面糊垫底,铺萝卜丝,再盖面糊入油锅。
火候大了外焦里生,小了炸不透。炸到自个儿脱模浮起,金黄。
捞出来趁热咬,外头嘎嘣脆,里头糯叽叽,咸鲜带辣。
凉了就废了,皮不脆馅不鲜,啥都没了。
从前摆摊的都是退休老奶奶,竹椅、煤球炉、骨牌凳儿,弄堂口一摆就开张。
如今快绝种了。
杭州话讲"活络活络",做油墩儿就得活络,慢一步这东西就废了。
杭州民间小吃,浙菜系里的老底子早点。
说起这东西,根子扎在南宋。
那会儿岳飞抗金打到快直捣黄龙,秦桧跟高宗弄了十二道金牌把人召回来,
最后"莫须有"三个字,把岳飞害死在杭州风波亭。
老百姓恨啊,恨到骨头里。
有个点心师傅,捏了俩面人象征秦桧夫妇,扭一块儿丢油锅里炸,叫"油炸桧儿"。
怕秦桧追究,把木字旁的"桧"换成火字旁的"烩"。
这一换,快900年了。
做法不难。
春饼裹油条、小葱,铁锅上压烤,铲子使劲摁,两面焦黄出壳。
抹甜面酱,再来点辣酱。
饼皮脆,油条酥,葱段冲鼻子,一口下去层次分明。
杭州人讲"老灵额"!
杭州人的命根子。
清同治六年(1867年),奎元馆在杭城官巷口开了张。
那年乡试,书生穷得叮当响,店主心善,拿倒笃菜、笋片、瘦肉片一锅炒,碗里再卧三只蛋,图个"连中三元"。
嘿,还真邪。
有个书生吃了这面,中了解元,放榜那天特地跑来题了"奎元馆"仨字当招牌。
这面就这么传开了。
1935年闹过"真假梅兰芳"的笑话,登了《东南日报》,名气更大。
1956年评上杭州名点名小吃,2013年进了"中国十大名面条"。一算,一百五十多年了。
做法不花哨,但桩桩件件讲究。
猪油下锅,肉片先煸,笋片跟上,倒笃菜最后撒,沸水一激,浇头齐活。
面条用本地碱水面,筋道,八分熟捞起跟浇头同烧。
端上桌啥样?
汤浓面滑,笋脆肉嫩,雪菜咸鲜。
杭州人讲,"鲜得来眉毛都要掉下来咯"。
一碗面,一百五十多年,吃的不是面,是日子。
这东西,得从1913年说起。
孙翼斋在杭州仁和路开了"知味观",店名取自《礼记·中庸》,"人莫不饮食也,鲜能知味也"。
小笼包的根在北宋开封,叫灌汤包,
靖康之变后跟着宋室南渡,落了杭州。
到20世纪30年代,知味观把它做到了头。1988年拿全国"金鼎奖",
一口小笼,半部杭城史。
做法不复杂,但极讲究。
死面皮,不发酵,靠三揉三醒的功夫把面揉出韧劲。
馅用猪前腿肉,肥瘦四比一,灵魂在那勺肉皮冻。
文火熬五小时,胶质熬尽,蒸时化汤。
一只含汤八毫升,褶子捏十八到二十二道,收口如鲫鱼嘴,急火蒸六分钟,皮薄得透光。
分鲜肉、虾肉、鸡火三种。
吃法有规矩:"轻轻提、慢慢移、先开窗、后吸汁",蘸姜丝香醋。
老杭州人讲,"知味停车",这话不是瞎说的。
一口下去,汁多味鲜,馅嫩不腻,嘿,这才叫知味。
这东西,得从清同治六年(1867年)说起,159年了。
杭州奎元馆首创,彼时钱塘江鳝鱼多得是,河虾却金贵,渔民搭着卖,面就这么诞生了。
1935年,梅兰芳在杭州吃完,提笔写下"朵颐大快"。
金庸半年里头三顾奎元馆,就为这碗面。
书画大家程十发题匾"江南面王"。
老底子杭州人讲:"到杭州不吃虾爆鳝,等于没来过。"这话,不虚。
做法就一个字,讲究。
"三油"工艺:素油爆、荤油炒、麻油浇。
鳝鱼挑拇指粗、每斤5条的壮鳝,饿养3到7天吐泥腥,剔骨切段,菜油炸到皮起小泡;
虾仁鲜河虾现剥,蛋清上浆,滑油至玉白。
面条拿鳝鱼原汁煮,吸满鲜味。
成品啥样?鳝片黄亮香脆,虾仁洁白滑嫩,面条柔韧筋道。
老饕总结18字诀:"筋、滑、柔;鲜、香、咸;嫩、脆、爽"。
啧,一口下去,四美兼之,这才叫杭州味道。
杭州人吃东西,不张扬。
定胜糕粉粉的,咬一口,心里踏实。
油墩儿得趁热,凉了就不是那个味。
片儿川一碗下去,日子就有奔头。
酱鸭挂阳台,风吹日晒,跟这城一样,熬得住。
你说这些吃的多复杂?
不复杂。
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大妈捻猫耳朵,拇指一推,几十年就过去了。
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你来,坐西湖边,吃碗虾爆鳝面,喝杯明前龙井,春天就咽下去了。
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