前言
本系列面向国内民商事、刑事、行政非涉外律师，剔除跨境、海商事冷门法律词汇。本组为证据法核心术语，适配域外判例研读、外文司法鉴定材料、法学论文阅读；例句采用规范法律书面表达，侧重阅读识别，可直接用于翻译、论文摘要写作。
第四组 证据法核心术语（54词） 1. evidence 证据
例句：All evidence shall be examined and verified by the court.
译文：所有证据都应当经过法庭审查核实。
2. raw evidence 原始证据
例句：The original contract belongs to raw evidence in this dispute.
译文：原始合同属于本案中的原始证据。
3. derivative evidence 传来证据
例句：Photocopies without confirmation are generally regarded as derivative evidence.
译文：未经核对的复印件一般属于传来证据。
4. admissible evidence 可采证据
例句：Evidence obtained in violation of legal procedures is not admissible evidence.
译文：违反法定程序取得的材料不属于可采证据。
5. inadmissible evidence 不可采证据
例句：Illegally obtained statements shall be treated as inadmissible evidence.
译文：非法获取的陈述应当认定为不可采证据。
6. material evidence 实物证据
例句：The seized goods serve as key material evidence in the criminal case.
译文：被扣押物品是刑事案件中的关键实物证据。
7. documentary evidence 书证
例句：Invoices, agreements and letters all belong to documentary evidence.
译文：发票、协议、函件均属于书证。
8. real evidence 物证
例句：The weapon involved in the case is important real evidence.
译文：涉案作案工具是重要物证。
9. witness testimony 证人证言
例句：The judge shall carefully examine the authenticity of witness testimony.
译文：法官应当审慎审查证人证言的真实性。
10. statement of the party 当事人陈述
例句：The statement of the party cannot be used as the sole basis for judgment.
译文：当事人陈述不能单独作为定案依据。
11. expert opinion 鉴定意见
例句：The expert opinion involves professional matters and can be cross-examined in court.
译文：鉴定意见涉及专业问题，可以当庭质证。
12. audio-visual material 视听资料
例句：The court checks whether the audio-visual material has been edited or tampered.
译文：法院核查视听资料是否经过剪辑、篡改。
13. electronic data 电子数据
例句：Chat records, transaction logs are typical electronic data.
译文：聊天记录、交易流水属于典型电子数据。
14. authenticate 验证、核验
例句：The lawyer applied to the court to authenticate the electronic data.
15. authenticity 真实性
例句：The three elements of evidence include authenticity, legality and relevance.
译文：证据三要素包含真实性、合法性、关联性。
16. legality 合法性
例句：The defense raises an objection to the legality of the investigation record.
译文：辩方针对讯问笔录的合法性提出异议。
17. relevance 关联性
例句：Evidence without relevance shall not be admitted by the court.
译文：不具备关联性的证据，法庭不予采纳。
18. chain of evidence 证据链
例句：The procuratorate tries to form a complete chain of evidence to prove the crime.
译文：检察机关力求形成完整证据链证实犯罪事实。
19. circumstantial evidence 间接证据
例句：A judgment cannot be made solely based on isolated circumstantial evidence.
译文：不能仅凭孤立的间接证据定案。
20. direct evidence 直接证据
例句：The witness’s description of the whole incident constitutes direct evidence.
译文：证人对事件全过程的陈述构成直接证据。
21. prima facie evidence 初步证据
例句：The creditor provided transfer records as prima facie evidence of the debt.
译文：债权人提交转账记录作为债权存在的初步证据。
22. corroborate 佐证、印证
例句：Other materials are needed to corroborate the witness’s statement.
译文：需要其他材料对证人陈述予以佐证。
23. corroborating evidence 补强证据
例句：Confession alone requires corroborating evidence to support conviction.
译文：仅有口供时，需要补强证据才能定罪。
24. confession 供述、自白
例句：The accused has the right to refuse involuntary confession.
译文：被告人有权拒绝非自愿供述。
25. admission 自认
例句：The party’s admission in court may exempt the opposite side’s burden of proof.
译文：当事人当庭自认，可以免除对方举证责任。
26. hearsay 传闻证据
例句：Hearsay generally cannot be used as valid evidence without cross-examination.
译文：传闻证据未经质证一般不能作为有效证据使用。
27. objection to evidence 证据异议
例句：The lawyer raises an objection to evidence during the court cross-examination.
译文：律师庭审质证阶段提出证据异议。
28. cross-examination 质证、交叉询问
例句：Cross-examination is a key procedure to test the credibility of evidence.
译文：质证是检验证据可信度的关键程序。
29. credibility 可信度、可信性
例句：The court evaluates the credibility of each witness’s testimony comprehensively.
译文：法院综合评判每一份证人证言的可信度。
30. probative force 证明力
例句：Original documentary evidence usually has stronger probative force than copies.
译文：原始书证的证明力通常强于复印件。
31. proof standard 证明标准
例句：Criminal cases adopt a higher proof standard than civil disputes.
译文：刑事案件适用高于民事纠纷的证明标准。
32. beyond reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑
例句：The prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
译文：控方必须达到排除合理怀疑的证明程度。
33. preponderance of evidence 高度盖然性 / 优势证据
例句：Civil litigation generally applies the standard of preponderance of evidence.
译文：民事诉讼一般适用优势证据标准。
34. preserve evidence 保全证据
例句：The applicant applies to the court to preserve evidence before litigation.
译文：申请人在诉前向法院申请保全证据。
35. disclosure of evidence 证据开示
例句：Both sides shall complete the disclosure of evidence before formal trial.
译文：双方应当在正式开庭前完成证据开示。
36. evidence list 证据目录
例句：The lawyer submitted the signed evidence list to the court.
译文：律师向法院提交签章后的证据目录。
37. copy 复印件
例句：The copy shall be consistent with the original document.
译文：复印件应当与原件保持一致。
38. original 原件
例句：The court requests the party to produce the original of the contract.
译文：法院要求当事人出示合同原件。
39. duplicate 复制件
例句：Certified duplicate can have the same effect as the original under certain conditions.
译文：经核对的复制件在特定条件下与原件效力相同。
40. seize evidence 扣押证据
例句：Investigators have the authority to seize relevant evidence in the investigation.
译文：侦查人员有权在调查过程中扣押相关证据。
41. forensic appraisal 司法鉴定
例句：The parties may jointly select an institution for forensic appraisal.
译文：双方当事人可以共同选定机构开展司法鉴定。
42. chain of custody 保管链条
例句：The complete chain of custody guarantees the authenticity of physical evidence.
译文：完整保管链条保障物证的真实性。
43. illegal evidence exclusion rule 非法证据排除规则
例句：The illegal evidence exclusion rule safeguards procedural rights of suspects.
译文：非法证据排除规则保障犯罪嫌疑人程序权利。
44. tamper with evidence 篡改证据
例句：Anyone who attempts to tamper with evidence shall bear legal liability.
译文：任何人试图篡改证据都需要承担法律责任。
45. destroy evidence 毁灭证据
例句：Destroying evidence may constitute a criminal offense.
译文：毁灭证据行为有可能构成刑事犯罪。
46. conceal evidence 隐匿证据
例句：The court may draw adverse inference against the party who conceals evidence.
译文：法院可对隐匿证据一方作出不利推定。
47. adduce evidence 提交证据、举证
例句：Each party must adduce evidence within the time limit for proof.
译文：各方当事人必须在举证期限内提交证据。
48. time limit for proof 举证期限
例句：If new evidence emerges, the party may apply for extension of time limit for proof.
译文：出现新证据，当事人可以申请延长举证期限。
49. admit evidence 采信证据
例句：The judge will decide whether to admit evidence after cross-examination.
译文：法官经过质证后决定是否采信证据。
50. exclude evidence 不予采信、排除证据
例句：Evidence lacking relevance will be excluded by the court.
译文：缺乏关联性的证据将被法庭排除。
51. testify 作证
例句：A witness shall testify honestly before the court.
译文：证人应当在法庭如实作证。
52. perjury 伪证
例句：Intentionally providing false testimony constitutes perjury in serious circumstances.
译文：故意提供虚假证言，情节严重构成伪证犯罪。
53. confidential evidence 涉密证据
例句：The court adopts special protection measures for confidential evidence.
译文：法院对涉密证据采取特殊保护措施。
54. anonymous evidence 匿名证据
例句：The court treats anonymous evidence cautiously and requires further verification.
译文：法院审慎对待匿名证据，要求进一步核实。
学习小贴士
本组术语横跨民事、刑事、行政案件，质证、司法鉴定、电子数据相关文书高频出现；
学习策略：优先识别词义，适合阅读外文鉴定报告、域外裁判文书摘要；
全部例句标准化，后续撰写论文英文摘要可直接借鉴句式。
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