前言
本系列面向国内民商事、刑事、行政非涉外律师，剔除跨境、国际司法类冷门术语。本组为刑法通用核心词汇，涵盖犯罪构成、犯罪形态、罪名基础、量刑、刑罚执行术语，适配域外案例阅读、法学论文、外文鉴定材料研读；例句采用规范法律书面语，侧重阅读识别，可直接用于翻译与论文摘要写作。
第五组 刑法通用核心词汇（56词） 1. crime 犯罪
例句：An act that violates criminal law shall be deemed a crime.
译文：违反刑法的行为构成犯罪。
2. criminal 罪犯；刑事的
例句：The criminal shall bear corresponding criminal responsibility.
译文：行为人应当承担相应刑事责任。
3. criminal responsibility 刑事责任
例句：A person who reaches the age of criminal responsibility shall be punished by law.
译文：达到刑事责任年龄的行为人依法应当受处罚。
4. age of criminal responsibility 刑事责任年龄
例句：The law stipulates the minimum age of criminal responsibility.
译文：法律明确规定最低刑事责任年龄。
5. subject of crime 犯罪主体
例句：Natural persons and units can both become the subject of crime.
译文：自然人和单位均可以成为犯罪主体。
6. object of crime 犯罪客体
例句：The object of crime refers to the social relations protected by criminal law.
译文：犯罪客体是刑法所保护的社会关系。
7. objective aspect of crime 犯罪客观方面
例句：Harmful act and harmful consequence belong to objective aspect of crime.
译文：危害行为、危害结果属于犯罪客观方面。
8. subjective aspect of crime 犯罪主观方面
例句：Intent and negligence are two forms of subjective aspect of crime.
译文：故意与过失是犯罪主观方面两种形态。
9. intent 故意
例句：He committed the act with direct intent to infringe other people’s property.
译文：其实施行为时具有侵犯他人财产的直接故意。
10. direct intent 直接故意
例句：Direct intent means the actor hopes the harmful consequence occurs.
译文：直接故意指行为人希望危害结果发生。
11. indirect intent 间接故意
例句：Indirect intent is that the actor allows the harmful consequence to happen.
译文：间接故意是行为人放任危害结果发生。
12. negligence 过失
例句：Crime of negligence shall be punished only when the law expressly provides.
译文：过失犯罪，法律有规定的才负刑事责任。
13. intentional crime 故意犯罪
例句：Most property crimes are intentional crimes.
译文：绝大多数财产类犯罪属于故意犯罪。
14. crime of negligence 过失犯罪
例句：Traffic accident crime is a typical crime of negligence.
译文：交通肇事罪是典型的过失犯罪。
15. actus reus 危害行为、客观行为
例句：Without actus reus, there shall be no criminal liability.
译文：无危害行为，则不承担刑事责任。
16. mens rea 主观犯意
例句：The procuratorate must prove the existence of mens rea of the accused.
译文：公诉机关必须证明被告人具有主观犯意。
17. harmful consequence 危害结果
例句：The occurrence of harmful consequence is an essential element for many crimes.
译文：危害结果的发生是诸多犯罪的构成要件。
18. causal relationship 刑法上因果关系
例句：The court examines whether there exists legal causal relationship between act and result.
译文：法院审查行为与结果之间是否存在刑法上的因果关系。
19. attempted crime 犯罪未遂
例句：The actor begins to commit a crime but fails due to objective reasons.
译文：行为人着手实施犯罪，因客观原因未能得逞，属于犯罪未遂。
20. preparatory crime 犯罪预备
例句：Preparing tools and creating conditions belong to preparatory crime.
译文：准备工具、制造条件属于犯罪预备行为。
21. discontinuation of crime 犯罪中止
例句：Voluntarily giving up crime constitutes discontinuation of crime.
译文：自动放弃犯罪成立犯罪中止。
22. accomplice 共犯
例句：All accomplices shall be punished according to their roles in the joint crime.
译文：全体共犯按照在共同犯罪中的作用处罚。
23. joint crime 共同犯罪
例句：Joint crime requires intentional liaison between multiple actors.
译文：共同犯罪要求多个行为人之间具有意思联络。
24. principal offender 主犯
例句：The principal offender organizes and dominates the joint criminal activity.
译文：主犯组织、主导共同犯罪活动。
25. accessory / accomplice 从犯
例句：An accessory shall be given a lighter, mitigated punishment or exemption.
译文：对于从犯，应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。
26. instigator 教唆犯
例句：Whoever instigates others to commit a crime shall be punished according to his role.
译文：教唆他人犯罪的，按照其在犯罪中所起作用处罚。
27. self-defense 正当防卫
例句：Self-defense against ongoing unlawful infringement shall not constitute crime.
译文：针对正在进行不法侵害实施的正当防卫不构成犯罪。
28. excessive defense 防卫过当
例句：If defense obviously exceeds necessary limit, it constitutes excessive defense.
译文：防卫行为明显超过必要限度的，构成防卫过当。
29. emergency avoidance 紧急避险
例句：Emergency avoidance adopted to avoid imminent danger generally bears no liability.
译文：为躲避紧迫危险实施的紧急避险一般不负刑事责任。
30. unit crime 单位犯罪
例句：The unit and its responsible persons shall be punished for unit crime.
译文：构成单位犯罪的，对单位及责任人予以追责。
31. crime plot 犯罪情节
例句：The judge takes the crime plot into consideration when imposing punishment.
译文：法官量刑时综合考量犯罪情节。
32. serious circumstance 情节严重
例句：Acts reaching serious circumstance shall be subject to criminal punishment.
译文：达到情节严重标准的行为应当追究刑责。
33. circumstance especially serious 情节特别严重
例句：Circumstance especially serious corresponds to a heavier statutory penalty.
译文：情节特别严重对应更重法定刑。
34. statutory penalty 法定刑
例句：The statutory penalty is clearly stipulated in the specific provisions of criminal law.
译文：法定刑由刑法分则条文明确规定。
35. sentence / punishment 刑罚、量刑
例句：The court shall impose a punishment in accordance with statutory provisions.
译文：法院依照法律规定裁量刑罚。
36. lighter punishment 从轻处罚
例句：Voluntary surrender may lead to lighter punishment.
译文：自首可以从轻处罚。
37. mitigated punishment 减轻处罚
例句：Meritorious service can be a reason for mitigated punishment.
译文：立功可以作为减轻处罚的理由。
38. exemption from punishment 免除处罚
例句：Minor crimes with meritorious performance may get exemption from punishment.
译文：犯罪情节轻微并有立功表现，可免除处罚。
39. recidivist 累犯
例句：Recidivist shall not be granted probation and shall be given heavier punishment.
译文：累犯不适用缓刑，并且应当从重处罚。
40. voluntary surrender 自首
例句：Whoever takes the initiative to surrender and confess truthfully constitutes voluntary surrender.
译文：主动投案并如实供述，成立自首。
41. confess guilt 坦白
例句：The accused who confess guilt truthfully may be given a lighter punishment.
译文：被告人如实坦白可以从轻处罚。
42. make meritorious service 立功
例句：Providing important crime clues belongs to making meritorious service.
译文：提供重要犯罪线索属于立功。
43. major meritorious service 重大立功
例句：Major meritorious service allows mitigated punishment.
译文：成立重大立功可以减轻处罚。
44. plead guilty and accept punishment 认罪认罚
例句：The system of pleading guilty and accepting punishment affects sentencing results.
译文：认罪认罚制度对量刑结果产生影响。
45. probation 缓刑
例句：Probation can be applied if the offender meets statutory conditions.
译文：行为人符合法定条件可以适用缓刑。
46. suspension of execution of death penalty 死缓
例句：Suspension of execution of death penalty applies to criminals who shall be sentenced to death but not immediately executed.
译文：死缓适用于应当判处死刑但不必立即执行的罪犯。
47. fixed-term imprisonment 有期徒刑
例句：Fixed-term imprisonment shall be enforced in prison or other execution sites.
译文：有期徒刑在监狱或者其他执行场所执行。
48. criminal detention 拘役
例句：The term of criminal detention is shorter than fixed-term imprisonment.
译文：拘役刑期短于有期徒刑。
49. public surveillance 管制
例句：The offender under public surveillance does not need to be imprisoned.
译文：被判处管制的罪犯不予关押。
50. death penalty 死刑
例句：Death penalty applies only to extremely serious criminal acts.
译文：死刑仅适用于罪行极其严重的犯罪行为。
51. fine 罚金
例句：The court may impose a fine concurrently with principal punishment.
译文：法院可以在判处主刑同时并处罚金。
52. confiscation of property 没收财产
例句：Confiscation of property is one type of supplementary punishment.
译文：没收财产属于附加刑种类之一。
53. deprivation of political rights 剥夺政治权利
例句：Deprivation of political rights may be imposed independently or concurrently.
译文：剥夺政治权利可以独立适用，也可附加适用。
54. parole 假释
例句：Parole is applicable only when the criminal meets serving term requirements.
译文：假释适用必须满足法定服刑期限条件。
55. commutation of sentence 减刑
例句：Active reformation during execution can apply for commutation of sentence.
译文：服刑期间积极改造可以申请减刑。
56. limitation of prosecution 追诉时效
例句：After expiration of limitation of prosecution, criminal liability cannot be pursued.
译文：超过追诉时效，不得再追究刑事责任。
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