新东方名师熊春草
主旨题是除了细节题之外考察第二多的题型，此题型比细节题在难度上加大。是学生们要重点理解，熟练运用解题步骤的一种题型。那么什么样的题目属于主旨题范畴呢？笔者通过对09-13年5年全国各地高考主旨题的收集和整理，发现主旨题分为以下六种提问方式：
1. 标题题
Which of the following is the best tittle for this passage？
2.主旨大意题
What is the main idea of this passage？
What is the author mainly discuss in the text？
3.写作目的题
What is the purpose of writing this passage？
The author writes this passage to___________？
4.选材题
What is the passage probably taken from？
Which group of people is the passage mainly written for？
This passage can be classified as ？
5.态度题
What is the author‘s attitude towards？
6. 文章组织题
A. 文章组织结构图
What is the organization of this passage ？
B. 文章或段落的论证方式及其作用
The passage is developed/organized mainly by__________？
C.文章接下来讨论的内容
What is the passage going to discuss next？
接下来笔者介绍“文章标题，主旨大意，写作目的”三种题型的解题步骤。
解出“文章标题，主旨大意，写作目的”三种题型有一个共同的方法，叫做“串线法”。此方法步骤如下：
第一步：精读首段和每段第一句
文章的第一段一般是点出文章主题的之处，所以要精读第一段，抓住全文中心。除第一段外，剩余段落是在第一段基础上的细化。而一个段落的中心句又会出现在此段落的第一句话，故除首段外，其余各段精读第一句即可抓住该段的中心。
第二步：注意每段的句意转折与总结处
如果只精读每段第一句，会出现一个问题：该段其他句中出现的转折，对比，让步等语意会被遗漏掉。而转折、对比、让步又是作者提出新信息的地方，很重要。十大考点路标一章中我们也提到“转折、对比、让步”是常考的路标。故精读每段第一句后，扫一下看本段是否有转折、对比、让步的地方，如有，则必须精读。
总结处作为对全段意义的概括，读后会加深我们对之前所读内容的理解，更快帮助我们把握该段主旨，详读百利无一弊。
关于转折、让步、对比、总结关系的逻辑词我们在“左右逢源猜词义”一章中已经讲过，在此不再赘述。
第三步：总结概括各段所读意思，抓出重复强调的信息
读完每段，我们应总结各段大意。读完后，将各段信息串成一个整体。留心各段重复出现的信息。很多情况下，各段重复出现的信息即是文章的标题，大意和写作目的。
下面我们以13年湖北卷的C篇为例，论证串线法的具体操作步骤：
例1：13年湖北卷C篇
62. Which would be the best title for the passage？
A. Actions or Excuses？ B. Overweight or Underweight？
C. WHO in a Dilemma D. No Longer Dying of Hunger
解析：
第一步：精读首段和每段第一句
第二步：注意每段的总结与转折之处
P1：We’ve reached a strange-some would say unusual-point. While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO)， more people now die from being overweight， or say， from being extremely fat， than from being underweight. It‘s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days.
大意解析：根据五大微读，破折号之间的插入语不读，故第一句只读：we‘ve reached a strange point. 我们到了一种奇怪的时期。再根据五大微读“让步转折只读一半（读转折）”，故第二句“While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO)， more people now die from being overweight， or say， from being extremely fat， than from being underweight.”我们while后面的不读，只读“more people now die from being overweight， or say， from being extremely fat， than from being underweight.”即可。此句中“or say”是插入语，故也不读。第二句意思是：相比死于体重过轻，越来越多的人死于过度或极度肥胖。第三句：把it’s和that去掉，句意仍然完整，故此句强调句，主干为the good life is more likely to kill us these days。故第三局意思是：目前，好生活更有可能成为杀死我们的罪魁祸首。
故第一段的大意总结为：人们越来越胖了，死于过度肥胖的越来越多。
P2： Worse， nearly l8 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight. What‘s going on？
大意解析：worse在逻辑上属于顺逻辑，表更糟糕的是“。且后面出现数据nearly 18 million ，之前我们提过所有数据、例子都是为了论证前面的论点，所以第二段是数据具体论证第一段的内容，是第一段意思的递进。运用积极阅读法可知，第二段的大意为：肥胖的人越来越多。
P3： We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems. The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public-health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting through-up to a point.
大意解析：根据串线法，第一段和各段的首句，扫读一下此段，发现其既没有出现转折连词，也未出现总结连词，故本段只需读第一句即可。第一句的大意为”对于肥胖，我们不要找借口“。
P4： In the 1970s， Finland， for example， had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause. Not any more. A public-health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 per cent over the past three decades.
P5： Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005， and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body. That has become a sort of fashion. No wonder it ranks as the world‘s most body-conscious country.
大意解析：根据五大微读”例子不读“，根据第四段中的for example我们可知第四段和第五段都在以芬兰为例，论证”过度肥胖的人在芬兰越来越多“。在根据第四段首句中的heart disease与第五段首句的taking diet pills，我们可以细化以上论点：“在芬兰，死于过度肥胖的人越来越多，故人们都在吃减肥药缓解肥胖带来的疾病。
P6： We know what we should be doing to lose weight-but actually doing it is another matter. By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise. More than half of us admit we lack willpower.
大意解析：根据五大微读”but后重点读“，所以第六段读”what we should be doing to lose weight-but actually doing it is another matter.“本句的大意是”我们应该减肥，但是我们都不行动“。后一句有More than half of us有more than half 这样的数据出现，可见其是论证前面”不参加体育锻炼“这个论点，果然，后面的lack of willpower论证了这一点，原来我们不参加体育锻炼的理由是缺乏毅力。所以整段意思概括成：我们应该减肥，但因为缺乏毅力而不行动。
P7： Others blame good food. They say： it’s just too inviting and it makes them overeat. Still others lay the blame on the Americans， complaining that pounds have piled on thanks to eating too much American-style fast food.
大意解析：本段也只要读第一句话即可。 “有人责备食物太好吃了。”因为they say后面是这些人说的话，我们在五大微读里讲过一个人说的话是为了论证他前面所阐述的道理，显然they say 后面的内容是这些人如何责备食物太好吃而导致他们多吃，故其后内容可跳过不读，直接抓准论点others blame good food 即可。
P8： Some also blame their parents-their genes. But unfortunately， the parents are wronged because they‘re normal in shape， or rather slim.
大意解析：从第一句的also 可以看出，第八段是在承接第七段的内容，即人们在继续为自己的肥胖找借口，they blame their parents or genes ：他们认为自己肥胖是爸妈给他们的基因遗传。第二句出现but unfortunately出现两处转折连词，其后内容应认真读。从the parents are wronged可知，作者认为这些人的父母亲被错怪了。所以，作者认为父母给的肥胖基因这一理由荒谬至极：他们爸妈身材非常好。
P9： It’s a similar story around the world， although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight. Parents are eager to see their kids shape up. Do as I say-not as I do.
大意解析：根据五大微读“让步转折读一半（转折那一半）”，although后面内容可跳过不读，第九段第一句只读“It‘s a similar story around the world”即可。第二句又在列举爸妈希望儿女减肥但自身却不以身效法的例子，补充说明论点“所有人都知道要减肥，但是都在找借口。”可略读，于是第九段意思概括为“全世界人都是这样知道超重，但不减肥。”
第三步：将意思连成一个整体，勾勒文章结构图，并找出各段重复出现的信息。
读完各段落后，总结各段大意，并把它串成一个整体，有：
第一段：人们越来越胖了，死于过度肥胖的人越来越多；
第二段：用列数字的方式说明肥胖的人越来越多；
第三段：对于肥胖，我们不要找任何借口；
第四、五段：在芬兰，死于过度肥胖的人越来越多，故人们都在吃减肥药缓解肥胖带来的疾病；
第六段：我们都应减肥，但因缺乏毅力而都不行动；
第七段：有人责备食物太好吃
第八段：另外一些人责备父母给了他们肥胖基因，但这种说法纯属荒谬：他们父母一点都不肥。
第九段：全世界的人都知道超重，但不减肥。
把整个九段的意思串起来，我们可知，文章中重复出现的信息是“我们太胖了，可是我们找各种各样的借口又不减肥”。故作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁那些肥胖的人行动起来，不要再找借口了，纵观A、B、C、D四项，唯有A项能满足这一点。
62. Which would be the best title for the passage？
A. Actions or Excuses？ B. Overweight or Underweight？
C. WHO in a Dilemma D. No Longer Dying of Hunger
串线法适用于段落不是太多的文章，一般10段以内的文章都可使用，5-6段的文章使用效果最佳。近年来，有些省市的文章鸿篇巨制，有时段落竟达23段之多，有没有什么好的技巧来迅速攻克主旨题呢？下面笔者为各位呈现主旨题做题的8大技巧，希望能在短时之内帮同学们迅速搞定主旨题。
主旨题做题技巧
（一）、例子不能作为文章主旨
根据“串线法”可知，文章的主旨不是在文章中出现一次或两次的信息，而是在文章中重复出现的信息。但有时候，有些例子会反复在文章中出现，以至于同学们会误解这个反复出现的例子就是文章主旨。事实上，在五大微读一节中我们讲过，例子都是为了论点服务的，故即便某个例子在文章中反复出现，但是因为它只是论证论点，故不能作为文章主旨。
例：09年四川卷E篇
P1：All too often ， a choice that seems sustainable（可持续的）turns out on closer examination to be problematic. Probably the best example is the rush to produce ethanol（乙醇）for fuel from corn . Corn is a renewable resource -you can harvest it and grow more， almost limitlessly . So replacing gas with corn ethanol seems like a great idea .
P2：One might get a bit more energy out of the ethanol than that used to make it， which could still make ethanol more sustainable than gas generally， but that’s not the end of the problem. Using corn to make ethanol means less corn is left to feed animals and people， which drives up the cost of food. That result leads to turning the fallow land - including， in some cases， rain forest in places such as Brazil - into farmland， which in turn gives off lots of carbon dioxide（CO2）into the air. Finally， over many years， the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then， climate change would have progressed so far that it might not help.
P3：You cannot really declare any practice “sustainable” until you have done a complete lift-cycle analysis of its environmental（环境的）costs. Even then， technology and public policy keep developing， and that development can lead to unforeseen and undesired results. The admirable goal of living sustainable requires plenty of thought on an ongoing basis.
60. What does the author mainly discuss in the text？
A. Technology. B. Sustainability.
C. Ethanol energy. D. Environmental protection.
解析：由本题题干可知，此题属于主旨题。文章中“ethanol”重复出现。但是“ethanol”不能作为文章主题。因为从第一段第二句 “Probably the best example is the rush to produce ethanol（乙醇）for fuel from corn .”可知，“ethanol”是文章的例子，不可作为文章主旨。故C选项错误。
（二）原词重现或同义词重现是文章主旨
选项中出现文章中反复出现词或这些词的同义词，这些反复出现的信息即为文章主旨。
例1：09年天津卷D篇
P1： Next time a customer comes to your office， offer him a cup of coffee. And when you‘re doing your holiday shopping online， make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth encourages emotional warmth， while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions-those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
P2： Psychologists have known that one person‘s perception(感知) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration， even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences， Bargh argues， when babies‘ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations， particularly warmth and coldness. Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done， Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures， and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
P3： To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth， Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设)， handed the students either a hot cup of coffee， or a cold drink， to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form： The drink was then handed back.
P4： “We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly，” says Bargh.
55. What would be the best title for the passage？
A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships. B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits. D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.
解析：根据选文中可知，第一段出现“The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth”，“emotional warmth”；第二段出现“physical sensations”，第三段出现“physical and psychological warmth”。可见，文中重复出现的信息是“身体温暖 physical sensation/physical warmth， 与心理上的温暖psychological /emotional sensation。”故此题答案为D。
（三）题干和选项中重复出现的信息是文章主旨
文章主旨除了在文章内容中各段出现，也会出现在各个题目的题干中或选项中。这要求考生有逆向思考的能力。大家想想看，如果这个信息在全文中不重要，它会在题干或者选项中反复出现吗？ 肯定不会。故题干和选项中反复出现的信息作为文章主旨的概率很大。 例如：例：09年江苏卷A篇
56. While watching TV with others， women usually talk a lot because they
A. are afraid of awkward silence with their families and friends
B. can both talk and watch the screen at the same time
C. think they can have a good time and develop relationships
D. have to explain the plot and body language to their husbands
57. After a vacation with her girlfriend， a woman would talk to her again on the phone for hours in order to___________ .
A. experience the happy time again B. keep a close tie with her
C. recommend her a new scenic spot D. remind her of something forgotten
58. What does the author want to tell us most？
A. Women‘ s brains are better organized for language and communication
B. Women love to talk because they are more sociable than men.
C. Men do not like talking because they rely more on facts.
D. Social conditioning is not the reason why women love talking.
59. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A. Women Are Socially Trained to Talk B. Talking Maintains Relationships
C. Women Love to Talk D. Men Talk Differently from Women
解析：四个题目只有第59题是主旨题。根据上述总结：题干和选项中重复出现的信息是文章的主旨，故寻找其他题目重复出现的信息。56题题干：women usually talk a lot，B选项：can both talk；57题题干：a woman would talk to her；58题A选项：Women’ s brains are better organized for language and communication，其中， language and communication是talk 的同类相关词。B选项：women love to talk；D选项：women love talking。所以得知：文章主旨是围绕women， love to talk， 或talk a lot 这种信息来讲的。故排除B和D。由于题干和选项中没有出现train这样的信息，证明其在文章中不重要或不是反复出现，故A错。四项中唯有B出现了women love to talk此类重复出现的信息，其为正解。
（四）新闻报道类/广告信息类/科学研究类文章：首段信息是标题
在“四大体裁”一章中提到：新闻类第一段很“惊悚”，目的是吸引读者的眼球，故把报道的重点放在文章第一段，所以文章的主旨就是第一段。广告信息类文章首段终极目的也是吸引读者，抓住其眼球使其继续往下读。故广告类行文也会把广告的目的、商品等放在首段，所以广告类文章的首段就是文章的主旨。
例1：13年福建卷E篇
P1：A MENTORING (导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth.
P2：Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21.
P3：Alex Goldberg， the program‘s founder， said； “We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.
75. What would be the best tide for the passage？
A. Alex Goldberg， Founder of Young Inspirations
B. Young People Find a World of Opportunity
C. Kieran， Banbury School Pupil to Paris
D. Debates Help Youth with Their Grades
解析：根据第一段的大写字母A MENTORING 以及现在进行时is giving 可知，本篇文章属于新闻报道类范畴。故文章第一段就是文章主旨。第一段的大意是：导师制项目正在给Banbury的年轻人改变生活的机会。所以可得知本篇文章是关于导师制是如何给Banbury年轻人机会来改变他们生活的。故B选项为正确选项。
例2：12年湖南卷B篇
P1：Still seeking a destination for your weekend break？ There are some places which are
probably a mere walk away from your college.
65.What is the passage mainly about？
A. Some places for weekend break. B. A way to become creative in art.
C. The colorful life in the countryside. D. Unknown stories of Cambridge University
解析：根据第一段引诱性的语言风格（比如 still seeking a mere walk away from your college）可判断出本篇文章属于广告类的。第一段的大意是：你仍然在找周末休息的目的地吗？有一些地方，它离你们学校仅仅走路就可以到达了。可知本篇文章再推荐大学生周末去玩的地方。故A为正确答案。
例3：10年辽宁卷C篇
P1：Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree， new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
P2：One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedrooms TVs.
P3：A second study， looking at nearly 1，000 grown-ups in New Zealand， found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don‘t prove that TV is the cause and don’t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters(年轻人)may watch lots of TV.
67. What would be the best title for this text？
A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Children‘s Learning Habits
解析：根据第一段的中的”studies“一词可知，本篇文章属于研究类。故第一段即是文章主题。第一段的大意是：看太多电视危害孩子们学习的能力甚至降低他们得到大学学位的机会。B选项与第一段大意相符。故B为正确答案。
（五）演讲稿类文章的首段或末段是标题
演讲稿或是在文章开头直奔主题，或是在文章结尾道出主题。所以演讲稿类文章文章主旨在文章的开头或结尾处找。
例1：
Hi， everybody ！
Welcome to our newly-opened Richards Cinema Bookstore！ Now let me introduce to you some of the new film books in our store.
63. The purpose of the speaker is_______.
A. to satisfy the customers’ various tastes in film books
B. to keep the authors in the cinema bookstore
C. to offer the tourists chances to meet the film stars
D. to turn the readers into film producers
解析：根据开头的称呼、欢迎语以及后面的Now let me introduce to you 等介绍性语言可知，本篇是一篇演讲稿，故文章第一段就是文章主旨。第一段的大意为：欢迎来到我们新开张的Richards Cinema书店。现在让我为你们介绍一下本店的一些新的电影方面的书籍。根据根据演讲类文章”首末段信息是标题“我们可知A项契合首段所提到的”介绍电影方面书籍“，故A为正解。
例2：2013年江苏省苏锡常镇四市一模C篇
This past year has been one of great celebration for many. The enthusiasm which greeted the Diamond Jubilee was， of course， especially memorable for me and my family.
…….
I wish you all a very happy Christmas.
63. What might be the main purpose of this speech？
A. To make a summary of what has been done in the past year
B. To offer congratulations on the arrival of Christmas
C. To hold an anniversary celebration of an event
D. To express respect for and loyalty to God
解析：
根据选文最后一段”I wish you all a very happy Christmas“可知，本篇演讲稿是在圣诞节之际演讲者给听众捎上的祝福。此题最大的迷惑选项为A：回顾过去一年的主要事迹。笔者在此想说，即便演讲者花了长篇大论回顾了过去一年的光辉业绩，最后一句的I wish you all a happy Christmas将演讲者此番演讲目的毕现无遗：即祝大家圣诞愉快。试想中国的国家主席在除夕之夜和中国民众回顾了我国在过去一年中取得的极大成就，但是在最后一句仍说”祝全体人民除夕之夜阖家欢乐，万事如意。“ 你觉得主席是在回顾一年成就还是祝福人民新春快乐？很明显是后者。所以本题答案选B，即祝福大家圣诞快乐。
（六）首段首句是文章主旨
在十大考点路标一章中我们说过，西方人习惯用倒立菱形结构，即总-分-总的演绎方式来写作，即文章一开始先提出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。该结构给我们最大的启示在于：文章的第一段的第一句是文章的中心。
例：13年广东卷A篇
P1：Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear. Children know this very well. Fred Epstein， in his book If I Make It to Five， tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom， a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.
30. What is the purpose of the passage？
A. To tell us an interesting story. B. To help us make right decisions.
C. To advise us to care about children. D. To encourage us to use our imagination.
解析：第一段大意是：想象和幻想在完成我们恐惧的事情上起着重要的作用。所以得知，本片文章的主旨是围绕”想象和幻想“的。由于D选项有imagination，故D为正确选项。
（七）首段中转折后是文章主旨
根据第六条技巧，首段首句是标题，我们知道首段在表述文章中心方面起着举足重轻的作用。如果首段出现转折，那么转折后的内容又是作者的真实意图，其作为文章中心的可能性又加大十成。故在文章首段中出现转折，那转折后内容即为文章主旨。这种例子在历年高考中不甚枚举，读者们可以在大量的高考题找到例证。比如11年江苏卷的C 篇，10年山东卷B篇， 13年山东卷B篇。 具体实例如10年上海卷C篇
P1：The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added--- a communications blackout caused by solar storms.
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？
A. Solar Storms： An Invisible Killer
B. Solar Storms： Earth Environment in Danger
C. Solar Storms： Threatening the Human Race
D. Solar Storms： Human Activities to Be Troubled
解析：第一段中出现了转折词But，but后是作者观点，文章主旨。But后的大意为：另外一个问题出现了---被太阳风暴引起的通讯中断。故可知文章的主旨是太阳风暴是如何影响人们通讯。影响人们的通讯不会威胁人们的人身安全，故A、C错误；太阳风暴活动影响了通讯，不会影响环境，故B错误；所以正确项为D。且D中的human activities 与 communication blackout 属于隐性的同义替换。
总结
本章笔者介绍了主旨题三种最常见提问方式”文章标题，写作目的和文章大意“的解题方法：串线法。针对段落较少的文章同学们可以运用此方法。而段落比较多的文章可以运用主旨题解题技巧。七大技巧是锦上添花的所在，理解的基础上同学们应加以不断练习，方能熟练运用。建议同学们先熟练运用”串线法“，熟练之后可以加入一些技巧帮你快速解答出题目。
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