围绕金属冶炼工艺研究，本期精选发表在《钢铁钒钛》的5篇双语文章，欢迎阅读！
精选文章·Selected Articles
01
热处理工艺对变形TiAl板材组织和性能影响
Effect of heat treatment process on the structure and properties of deformed TiAl sheets
【摘要】TiAl基金属间化合物因具有轻质、高比强度和优异的高温性能等特点而受到国内外研究的广泛关注，并应用于航空航天等关键领域，但由于其本身的特征，以至于在实际应用场景中受到了很大的限制。采用在不同相区进行热处理工艺制度的探索，通过选取合适的热处理工艺，结合室温力学性能和高温力学性能分析，随着热处理温度的升高，抗拉强度和屈服强度逐渐增加，在α+β相区进行热处理具有最优的延伸率，进一步结合室温和高温的显微组织和断口形貌进行了观察分析，确定其裂纹扩展方式和断裂机制，最终根据结果表明固溶温度为1370℃的热处理工艺下达到最优力学性能。
【Abstract】TiAl-based intermetallic compounds have attracted researchers’ widespread attention from China and abroad due to their lightweight, high specific strength, and excellent high-temperature performance. They have been applied in key fields such as aerospace aviation, etc. However, due to their inherent characteristics, their practical application has been greatly limited. By exploring the heat treatment process in different phase zones and selecting appropriate heat treatment parameters, combined with the analysis of room temperature mechanical properties and high-temperature mechanical properties of TiAl compounds, it is found that the tensile strength and yield strength of specimens gradually increases as the heat treatment temperature increases. The optimal elongation is obtained by heat treatment in the α+β phase zone. Further observation and analysis of the microstructure and fracture morphology of samples tested at room and high temperatures were conducted to determine the crack propagation mode and fracture mechanism. Finally, the mechanical properties were optimized after heat treatment at the solution temperature of 1,370 °C.
02
VAR电磁搅拌工艺对熔体流动影响的模拟研究
Simulation study on the effect of VAR magnetic stirring process on the melt flow
【摘要】真空自耗电弧熔炼中熔体的流动行为影响铸锭的凝固特性。熔体运动直接观测困难，因此通过模拟揭示熔体的流动行为非常关键。采用自主开发的三维模拟模型，研究了不同搅拌工艺参数下，熔炼过程中熔体的流动行为及熔池形貌。研究表明，随着搅拌电流从0.01 A逐步增加到25 A（搅拌周期为8 s），熔体旋转速度从0.000 1 m/s近似线性增加到0.212 m/s，熔池逐渐宽化（由V形变成U形），熔池最大深度和熔池体积均存在一个明显的先下降后上升的过程。而随着搅拌周期从1 s逐步增加到24 s（搅拌电流为5 A），熔体旋转速度从0.012 5 m/s快速增加到一个较大值（16 s时为0.081 8 m/s）后趋于稳定，熔池逐渐宽化，熔池最大深度逐渐降低到一个最低值后趋于稳定。搅拌电流和搅拌周期均影响熔体的旋转及平面运动，但两者的影响机理存在一定的差异。
【Abstract】The flow behavior of melt in vacuum consumable arc melting affects the solidification characteristics of ingots. Direct observation of the melt motion is difficult, so revealing the flow behavior of the melt by simulation is crucial. In this paper, a self-developed three-dimensional simulation model was used to study the melt flow behavior and pool morphology during the melting process under different stirring process parameters. The research shows that with an increase in the stirring current from0.01 A to 25 A (under a stirring period of 8 s), the rotational velocity of the melt increases near-linearly from 0.000 1 m/s to 0.212 m/s, and the molten pool gradually widens (from V-shaped to U-shaped). In the meanwhile, there is an obvious process of first decreasing and then increasing in the maximum depth and volume of the molten pool. As the stirring period increases from 1 s to 24 s (under a stirring current of 5 A), the rotational velocity of the melt gradually increases from 0.012 5 m/s to a high value (0.081 8 m/s at 16 s) and then tends to stabilize. The molten pool gradually widens, and the maximum depth of the molten pool gradually decreases to a minimum value and then tends to stabilize. The stirring current and stirring period can affect the rotation and planar motion of the melt, but their affecting mechanisms are different.
03
页岩钒矿直接酸浸提钒的强化与活化研究进展
Research progress on the enhancement and activation of extracting vanadium by direct acid leaching from shale vanadium ore
【摘要】评述了近些年我国在页岩钒矿直接酸浸提钒强化与活化方面的研究进展。结果表明：助浸剂可强化与活化对页岩钒矿晶格结构的破坏作用，其中，含氟助浸剂因浸出效果好、成本低而在工业上得到广泛应用，但大量使用氟化物会加大废水处理的难度；氧化剂能将不溶的低价钒氧化为可溶的高价钒，其一般配合含氟助浸剂使用。混合酸浸出即采用含氟酸与硫酸按一定比例混合，可以达到强化与活化目的，为页岩钒矿浸出提钒提供了一条新的思路。加压浸出可以强化钒的浸出效果，但对设备要求严格，仍处于试验研究阶段。微波协助浸出、超声波协助浸出及微生物浸出作为新型浸出技术，在技术和设备发展水平上具有一定局限性。绿色高效助浸剂的研发仍将是今后的主要方向，与此同时，应不断加深对新型强化与活化浸出技术基础理论的探讨，以为后续技术与设备的革新及未来的产业化应用提供理论支撑。
【Abstract】The research progress in the field of the enhancement and activation of extracting vanadium by direct acid leaching from shale vanadium ore in China in recent years was reviewed. The results show that aid-leaching agents can enhance the destruction of the lattice structure of vanadium shale ore. Among them, fluorine-containing leaching agent has been widely used in industry due to its good leaching effect and low cost. But the large use of fluoride increase the difficulty of wastewater treatment, and the oxidant oxidizes insoluble low-valent vanadium to soluble high-valence vanadium, which is generally used with fluorine-containing leaching agent. Mixed acid leaching uses a certain proportion of fluoric-containing acid and sulfuric acid to achieve the purpose of enhancement and activation, and provides a new idea for leaching vanadium from shale vanadium ore. Pressure leaching can enhance the leaching effect of vanadium, but it has strict requirements for equipment and is still in the experimental research stage. As new leaching technologies, microwave-assisted leaching, ultrasound-assisted leaching and microbial leaching have certain limitations in the development level of technology and equipment. In the future, the research and development of green and efficient aid-leaching agents will still be the main direction, and at the same time, the basic theories of new enhancement and activation leaching technologies should be deepened, so as to provide theoretical support for the innovation of subsequent technology and equipment and future industrial application.
04
硫酸法钛白废酸浓缩工艺研究
Study on concentration process of titanium white waste acid by sulfuric acid method
【摘要】为了提升废酸浓缩效率，以现场废酸为原料，在实验室采用真空旋转蒸发仪模拟现场废酸真空蒸发浓缩，开展废酸浓缩工艺单因素试验及正交试验，然后以实验室研究结果为依据，在现场开展了废酸浓缩工艺优化工业试验。结果表明，在相同的硫酸浓度条件下，废酸相对纯硫酸密度大，且随着硫酸浓度的增加，两者密度差逐渐减少；随着废酸浓缩时间、浓缩温度及浓缩真空度的增加，废酸浓缩浓度均逐渐增加，影响废酸浓缩浓度的关键影响因素为浓缩时间、浓缩真空度、浓缩时间×浓缩真空度、浓缩温度，重要度排序为浓缩时间>浓缩真空度>浓缩真空度×浓缩时间>浓缩温度。工业试验结果表明，当废酸浓缩时间、浓缩温度及浓缩真空度分别由2.06 h、108℃及30 kPa提升至2.68 h、112℃及45 kPa时，一级浓缩酸浓度均值由29.5%提升至38.5%。研究结果为硫酸法钛白生产企业提升废酸浓缩效率提供了重要的数据及理论支撑。
【Abstract】To improve the efficiency of waste acid concentration, the single factor test and orthogonal test of waste acid concentration process were carried out in the laboratory by using vacuum rotary evaporator to simulate the vacuum evaporation concentration of waste acid. Then, based on the results of laboratory research, this paper carried out the industrial test of waste acid concentration process optimization in the field. The results show that the density of waste acid is larger than that of pure sulfuric acid under the same sulfuric acid concentration, and the density difference between them decreases with the increase of sulfuric acid concentration. With the increase of concentration time, temperature and vacuum degree of waste acid, the concentration of waste acid increases gradually. The key influencing factors affecting the concentration of waste acid are concentration time, concentration vacuum degree, concentration time × concentration vacuum degree, and concentration temperature. The order of importance is concentration time > concentration vacuum degree > concentration vacuum degree × concentration time > concentration temperature. The industrial test results show that when the concentration time, concentration temperature and concentration vacuum degree of waste acid increase from 2.06 h, 108 °C and 30 kPa to 2.68 h, 112 °C and 45 kPa, respectively, the average concentration of primary concentrated acid increases from 29.5% to 38.5%. The research results provide important data and theoretical support for improving the concentration efficiency of waste acid in titanium dioxide production enterprises by sulfuric acid method.
05
CMT熔钎焊工艺对铝/钢异种金属焊接接头组织及性能的影响
Processing parameters, microstructures and mechanical property of Al/steel dissimilar metals butt joint made by CMT welding-brazing
【摘要】采用厚度均为2 mm的Q235钢与5052铝合金板进行CMT电弧对接熔钎焊，研究焊接速度、送丝速度对接头焊缝成形、界面微观组织与力学性能的影响。试验结果表明，在送丝速度为5.6 m/min、焊接速度为0.48 m/min时背部成形良好，钎料在母材的润湿铺展较好。界面处生成了平均厚度小于10μm的金属间化合物层，其成分以针状向钢侧生长的Fe2Al5和靠近铝侧的较为均匀的FeAl3为主。当钎料润湿铺展较好且有背部成形时，接头强度较高，接头在铝母材处发生颈缩，接头承载强度可达158.3 MPa。其余试样均断裂在铝/钢界面处，随着界面处金属间化合物厚度的降低，强度有所提高。铣除余高后，接头强度明显降低，接头最高抗拉强度仅为67.9 MPa。
【Abstract】A 2 mm thick Q235 steel plate and a 5052 aluminum alloy plate had been used for CMT arc butt welding-brazing. The effects of welding speed and wire feeding speed on joint weld formation, interface microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The results show that when the wire feeding speed is 5.6 m/min and the welding speed is 0.48 m/min, the back weld formation, the wetting and spreading of filler in the base metal can be achieve at satisfied level. A interfacial reaction layer with average thickness less than 10 μm forms. The intermetallic compound layer is mainly composed of needle like Fe2Al5growing towards the steel side and FeAl3near the aluminum side. When the filler is well wetted and spread, and had back forming, the joint strength can reach 158.3 MPa and the joint fractured at the aluminum base metal. For the rest of the samples, they were broken at the brazing interface, and the joint strength increased with the decrease of the thickness of intermetallic compound at the interface. After removing the joint reinforcement, the joint strength decreased obviously and the highest tensile strength of welding joints is only 67.9 MPa.
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