2023年12月31日，国家数据局等17部门联合印发《“数据要素×”三年行动计划（2024—2026年）》，旨在充分发挥数据要素乘数效应，赋能经济社会发展。本期精选发表于《财经问题研究》《信息通信技术与政策》《价格理论与实践》《外国经济与管理》的5篇数据要素研究相关双语文章，希望能为相关领域学者提供新的思路与参考，欢迎阅读。
01
数据要素倍增效应的理论机制、制约因素与政策建议
Theoretical Mechanism, Constraints, and Policy Suggestions for the Multiplication Effect of Data Elements
【摘要】近年来，数据要素已快速融入生产、分配、流通、消费和社会服务管理等各环节，逐渐成为数字时代的基础性资源、重要生产力和关键生产要素。构建以数据为关键要素的数字经济，充分发挥数据要素的放大、叠加和倍增作用，是经济高质量发展的必然要求。本文界定了数据要素倍增效应的概念，基于转换倍增和循环倍增路径推导了数据要素倍增效应的模型，构建了链式决策优化的分析框架，论证了数据要素通过在宏观层面驱动要素配置决策和在微观层面驱动企业运行决策两条路径产生倍增效应。在实践中，数据要素积累不充分、运用不完善和规制不健全等因素制约了数据要素的价值释放。为充分发挥数据要素倍增效应，释放数据要素价值，必须在要素层健全数据整合机制、在产业层丰富数据应用场景、在制度层完善规章制度，强化数据要素供给和利用。
【Abstract】“Data elements” have rapidly integrated into various links such as production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and social service management, gradually becoming fundamental resources, important productivity, and key production factors in the era of digital economy. Building a digital economy with data as the key element and fully leveraging the amplification, superposition, and multiplication effect of data elements has become an inevitable requirement for high-quality economic development. However, there is a lack of research on how data elements play a multiplication effect, especially the in-depth research on the mechanism and constraints of the multiplication effect of data elements. This article defines the connotation of the multiplication effect of data elements, analyzes the impact of the multiplication effect on the overall economic value of the production system using a simple economic production model, and divides its paths into conversion multiplication and cycle multiplication. Referring to the Douglas production function, this article derives a functional model of the multiplication effect in general cases and constructs an analytical framework for “chain decision process optimization”. The optimization of data-driven decision-making is the main way to leverage the multiplication effect. The optimization of enterprises’ operation decision-making improves business operations, while the optimization of resource allocation decision-making promotes high-quality macroeconomic development. At present, China’s digital economy is shifting towards a new stage of deepening application, standardized development, and inclusive sharing. However, there are still many obstacles and constraints in the multiplication and multiplication effects of data elements on improving production efficiency at the factor level, industrial level, and institutional level. Therefore, the multiplication effect of data elements has not been fully reflected. In practice, factors such as insufficient accumulation, incomplete application, and inadequate regulation of data elements restrict the value release of data elements. In order to promote the high-quality development of the digital economy, it is necessary to establish a sound data integration mechanism at the factor level, enrich data application scenarios at the industrial level, and improve rules and regulations at the institutional level to activate the potential of data elements. From the perspective of data elements, this article focuses on hot issues of factor value release and multiplication effect. This article constructs a theoretical analysis framework for data element value release. The mechanism of data element multiplication effect is proposed to optimize the chain decision-making process to improve economic efficiency.
02
培育数据要素市场的现状、问题与建议
Data element market situation, problems and suggestions
【摘要】数据是当前数字经济发展的关键生产要素。党中央、国务院高度重视数据要素的发展，多次要求积极培育数据要素市场，激活数据要素价值。数据要素市场的构建将经历数据资源化、数据资产化、数据资本化3个发展阶段。当前的数据要素市场发展面临理论研究框架匮乏、有效数据资源供给不足、安全保障能力需进一步加强等问题，应加强理论探索研究，建立完善数据治理体系，提升数据要素的生产力，更好地激发数据要素市场新活力，最大程度释放数据要素新动能。
【Abstract】Data is a key factor of production for digital economic development. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to the development of data elements, cultivating the data factor market, and giving full value of data elements. The construction of data factor market will go through three stages of development: data resource, data assetization and data capitalization. At present, the development of data factor market is faced with the problems of lack of theoretical research framework, insufficient supply of effective resources and further strengthening of data security capability, so it is necessary to strengthen theoretical exploration and research, establishing and perfecting data governance system, improving data factor productivity, stimulating new vitality of data factor market, and releasing new dynamic energy of data factor.
03
数据要素市场标准化路径发展探究
Research on the Standardization Path of Data Element Market Development
【摘要】数据要素市场标准化水平是数据要素市场化发展的重要标志，也是数字经济创新发展的引领和驱动力量。当前，我国数据要素市场标准化探索尚处于起步阶段。本文从标准视角探讨数据要素市场相关的标准化研究及实践进展，从数据确权、登记、评估、定价、交易等市场配置的关键环节提出数据要素市场标准化建设思路及重点标准研制方向。基于此，应完善数据要素市场标准化顶层设计，夯实数据要素市场标准化建设基础，优化数据要素市场标准化发展环境。
【Abstract】In the era of the digital economy, data is a new type of production factor and a fundamental strategic resource for the country. The marketization of data elements has become the core engine of digital economy development, and standardization construction runs through various links of the data element value chain, which is related to the overall cultivation and development of the data element market. Currently, China’s data element market has entered a new period of development opportunities. It is urgent to conduct in-depth research on how to ensure data circulation, trading, development and utilization, and security supervision based on standardized and normalized layout, promote the assetization and capitalization of data, and realize the value of data elements. This article first reviews the main research achievements and practical progress of data element standardization in recent years. On the one hand, it briefly reviews the relevant standardization processes; on the other hand, it clarifies the standard construction needs of the core links of data element marketization as a basic idea and reference basis for standardization construction. Next, this article proposes the idea of standardizing the data element market, and the value chain composition centered on value creation can serve as the idea of standardizing the data element market. Furthermore, this article proposes key standard development directions for market standardization of data elements from key aspects of market configuration such as data ownership standards, data registration standards, data evaluation standards, data pricing standards, and data trading standards. Research has found that inadequate market standards for data elements pose significant obstacles to the “liquidity” and “accessibility” of data, greatly reducing its innovation and multiplier effects on economic development. With the acceleration of the marketization process of data elements and the rapid growth of the data circulation and trading market in China, we should continue to establish and improve a standard system that covers the entire process, subfields, and key links of data element marketization under the guidance of national standards, promotion of local standards, and innovation of group standards, and jointly promote the high-quality development of the digital economy with data element marketization construction as the core. Based on the above research, policy recommendations are proposed to accelerate the standardization construction of the data element market: improve the top-level design of data element market standardization from three aspects: establishing a standardized management system and mechanism for the data element market, issuing guiding documents for the standardization construction of the data element market, and improving the regulatory system of the data element market; consolidate the foundation of data element market standardization construction from two aspects: deepening theoretical research to guide practical development and building a diversified governance system for data element market standardization at the national, industry, and organizational levels; optimize the standardized development environment of the data element market from three aspects: establishing a solid technical support system for the data element market, promoting the construction of key data infrastructure, cultivating a standardized construction service ecosystem for the data element market, and seeking breakthroughs in the international standard path for the data element market.
04
数据要素市场化建设的影响因素与提升路径——基于复杂经济系统管理视角的组态效应分析
Influencing Factors and Accelerating Paths of Data Element Marketization: Analysis of Configuration Effect from the Perspective of Complex Economic System Management
【摘要】数据要素市场化建设是我国经济体制改革中的一项系统工程。提高数据要素市场化建设水平,是释放数据要素价值的关键举措。现有文献对提高数据要素市场化建设水平的条件和机制缺乏深入研究。本文基于技术—组织—环境（TOE）理论框架，以我国29个省（自治区、直辖市）为研究案例，运用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA），从复杂经济系统管理的组态视角，探讨技术、组织和环境条件对区域数据要素市场化建设的作用机制。研究发现：1.技术、组织和环境因素的联动匹配可以形成5种产生高数据要素市场化建设水平的条件组态，包括技术-均衡型、环境-均衡型、技术和环境-均衡型、市场环境-组织型和竞争环境-组织型。其中，技术和环境-均衡型路径能够解释的高数据要素市场化建设水平案例最多，最具有代表性。2.对我国不同地区的对比研究发现，东、中、西部地区提高数据要素市场化建设水平的组态路径存在差异。本文基于复杂经济系统管理视角的组态效应分析，不仅将TOE框架的应用范围从微观组织拓展到了宏观经济系统，也丰富了数据要素市场化建设研究的方法和视角，为进一步开展数据要素市场化建设的机制研究奠定了理论基础。在实践启示方面，建议全国统一的数据要素市场建设要结合发展实际分步骤、分区域稳步推进，统筹规划、充分考虑各区域的资源禀赋，因地制宜选择相适应的数据要素市场化建设路径。
【Abstract】The marketization of data elements is a systematic project in China’s economic structural reform. Improving the marketization level of data elements is the key measure to release the value of data elements. The existing literature lacks in-depth research on the conditions and mechanisms for improving the marketization of data elements. Based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, this paper applies the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method (fsQCA) on 29 provincial administrative regions of China to investigate the mechanism of technology, organization and environment conditions on the marketization of data elements from the configuration perspective of complex economic system management. The study finds that: (1) The combination of technology, organization and environmental factors can form five conditional configurations that generate the high marketization level of high data elements, including technology-balance path, environment-balance path, technology-and- environment-balance path, market-environment-organization path and competition-environment-organization path. Among them, the technology-and-environment-balance path can explain the most typical cases of high marketization level of data elements. (2) A comparative study of different regions in China shows that there are differences in the configuration paths of improving the marketization level of data elements in the eastern, central and western regions. Based on the analysis of configuration effect from the perspective of complex economic system management, this paper not only expands the application scope of TOE framework from micro-organization to macroeconomic system, but also enriches the methods and perspectives of data element marketization research, laying a theoretical foundation for further research on the mechanism design for the data element market. In terms of practical enlightenment, it is suggested that when deploying the national unified data element market construction, it can take the regional data element market construction as the basis, make overall planning, fully consider the resource endowment of each region, and choose the appropriate data element market construction path according to local conditions.
05
数据要素推动经济高质量发展路径研究——基于新生产要素特征视角的分析
Research on the Path of Data Factor Promoting High-Quality Economic Development— An Analysis Based on the Perspective of New Production Factor Characteristics
【摘要】数据要素的非竞争性、部分可排他性、协同性、规模报酬递增性、外部性等特征使其促进经济增长的方式不同于传统要素。本文通过提炼数据要素的新型特征，梳理出数据要素推动经济高质量发展的理论逻辑，即：数据要素在微观层面广泛用于生产和消费决策，中观层面促进产业发展，宏观层面提高资源配置效率。通过逻辑梳理本文发现，当前数据要素发挥上述功能过程中存在的现实障碍，具体表现为：确权规则仍不明确，产权归属模糊；价值评估缺乏实践，定价机制不完善；交易体系有待健全，优质数据供给不足等。基于此，为发挥数据要素推动经济高质量发展的重要作用，本文从政策上提出以下发展路径：回应实践要求明确数据确权规则，利用多种科学手段研究合理定价机制，鼓励探索建立安全高效的交易制度。
【Abstract】The digital economy is gradually becoming an important driving force for a new round of industrial transformation and economic growth, and data is the core production factor in the digital economy era. The development of the digital economy and the cultivation of data elements have been highly valued by the Chinese government. As a country with abundant data element resources, China urgently needs the improvement of theories related to data elements. The concepts of data, information, and knowledge exhibit both disparities and interconnections, which are explained in this paper. The paper extracts the key characteristics of data elements as a new type of production factor, including non-competitiveness, partial excludability, synergy, increasing returns to scale, and externality. These characteristics endow data production with a distinctive aspect that differentiates itself from traditional production factors in terms of its contribution to economic growth. Based on these characteristics, this paper elaborates on the theoretical logic of how data elements promote high-quality economic development from the micro, meso, and macro dimensions. At the micro level, data elements are used for production and consumption decisions, enabling businesses to better and faster meet consumer demands. At the meso level, widespread applications of data elements have given rise to emerging data industries and also driven the digital transformation of traditional enterprises. Furthermore, the full utilization of data elements has promoted industrial integration and convergence. At the macro level, data elements promote economic growth by improving resource allocation efficiency and total factor productivity. However, data elements are far from playing their due role at present, mainly due to the incomplete development of the data element market. This paper summarizes the practical challenges hindering the effective functioning of data elements. Firstly, the ownership rules remain unclear and property rights are ambiguous. The ownership structure of data is complex, and there is much controversy over the allocation of property rights in the production and processing involving multiple parties. Secondly, there is a lack of practical value assessment, and the pricing mechanism is imperfect. Data elements are to be included as assets in the balance sheets of enterprises, but traditional market, cost, and income-based valuation methods have shortcomings, leaving room for improvement in the pricing mechanism. Thirdly, the trading system needs to be improved, as there is insufficient supply of high-quality data. The demand for high-quality data sets in the market is increasing, but there is a severe shortage of practical and secure high-quality data products, along with insufficient openness of public data. Based on the above analysis, in order to fully leverage the important role of data elements in promoting high-quality economic development, this paper proposes the following development paths from a policy perspective. Firstly, it is essential to address practical needs and clarify data ownership rules, classify authorization levels according to practical needs and appropriately allocate more data usage rights to data processors. Secondly, various scientific methods should be used to study a reasonable pricing mechanism. Efforts should be made to explore valuation methods for enterprise data assets and design new pricing models based on the technical characteristics of data sets. Thirdly, the exploration and establishment of a secure and efficient trading system are encouraged, to expand the effective supply of high-quality data through multiple channels, and use cutting-edge technologies such as blockchain and privacy computing to provide technical support for ensuring the security, reliability, and low cost of data transactions.
期刊推荐
《财经问题研究》1979年创刊，是辽宁省教育厅主管、东北财经大学主办的经济管理类学术期刊。本刊以建设成为研究阐释党的理论创新成果的坚强阵地、推动加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学的学术高地为使命，围绕推进中国式现代化过程中的重大财经理论和实践问题，注重反映以财经科学为主的社会科学研究前沿成果，为财经科学领域理论和政策研究工作者提供发表研究成果的平台和载体，努力推动扎根中国实践、具有时代特色的学术资源发掘、学术方法互鉴、学术领域融通的财经学术共同体建设。
《信息通信技术与政策》创办于1975年，是工业和信息化部主管、中国信息通信研究院主办的专业学术期刊，工业和信息化部精品科技期刊。本刊定位于“信息通信技术前沿的风向标，信息社会政策探究的思想库”，聚焦信息通信领域技术趋势、公共政策、国家/产业/企业战略，发布前沿研究成果、焦点问题分析、热点政策解读等，推动5G、大数据、工业互联网、数字经济、人工智能、区块链、云计算等技术产业的创新与发展，引导国家技术战略选择与产业政策制定，搭建产、学、研、用 的高端学术交流平台。
《价格理论与实践》创刊于1981年，是由国家发展和改革委员会、国家市场监督管理总局政策业务指导，中国价格协会主管、主办的价格领域专业主流媒体，是推动价格理论研究和学术交流的重要平台，是政府价格主管部门联系价格理论工作者和社会各界的重要纽带。该刊同时是国家发展改革委指定的价格政策信息披露的重要渠道，也是国家发展改革委学术委员会指定的职称评定期刊。
《外国经济与管理》创刊于1979年，是面向国内外公开发行的管理类学术期刊，聚焦于工商管理领域的新理论、新实践、新问题，注重前沿性、前瞻性、引领性，集综合性、学术性、实用性和可读性于一体，深受广大经济理论工作者、高校师生、企业管理人员和政府经济管理部门公务人员的欢迎。设有“创业研究”、“创新研究”、“公司治理”、“营销”、“人力资源管理”、“战略管理”、“组织研究”、“公司财务”、“跨国经营”等栏目。
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