《畜牧与饲料科学》精选双语文章推荐|乳杆菌|乳酸|单倍型|奶山羊|畜牧与饲料科学

围绕动物饲料与乳制品微生物学研究，本期精选发表在《畜牧与饲料科学》的5篇双语文章，欢迎阅读！

精选文章·Selected Articles

乳酸乳球菌食品级双筛选标记的分泌型表达载体的构建

Construction of Lactococcus lactis Food-grade Double-screening-labeled Secretory Expression Vector

【摘要】纤维素酶在畜牧业、饲料工业、生物技术和生物能源利用方面均有广泛应用。纤维素酶基因工程作为研究的重点，可以提高酶产量和稳定性，具有广阔的应用前景。通过利用基因工程技术改造pMG36e载体，成功构建出具有双筛选标记的外分泌表达纤维素酶的食品级重组质粒，完成载体构建；然后将该质粒转化到粪肠球菌19855株并实现基因表达，经测定，分泌的纤维素酶活力为0.92 U/mL。该研究结果为后续食品级工程菌的进一步研制奠定了基础。

【Abstract】Cellulase is widely used in animal husbandry industry, feed industry, biotechnology and bioenergy utilization. Cellulase gene engineering, as one of the hot topics in biological fermentation researches, can improve enzyme yield and stability and has broad application prospects. The pMG36e vector was transformed by using genetic engineering technology, and a food-grade recombinant plasmid with double-selected markers and external secretion function of cellulase was successfully constructed. The plasmid was then transformed intoEnterococcus faecalis19855 strain and gene expression was determined. The secreted cellulase activity was 0.92 U/mL. Our results lay a foundation for the further development of food-grade engineering bacteria.

添加糖蜜和植物乳杆菌对谷草黄贮发酵品质的影响

Effects of Adding Molasses and Lactobacillus plantarumon Fermentation Quality of Yellow Millet Straw Silage

【摘要】[目的]探究糖蜜和植物乳杆菌的添加对谷草黄贮发酵品质的影响。[方法]以内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院院内试验基地106号和107号两种谷草为研究对象，试验组添加糖蜜（鲜重1.0%）和植物乳杆菌（106CFU/g鲜重），无添加作为对照组进行黄贮调制，每组3个重复，于10～15℃室温中存放90 d。开封取样，测定黄贮的pH值、营养成分、乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸含量以及乳酸/乙酸值。[结果]添加组可以极显著（P<0.01）提高2种谷草黄贮中乳酸、乙酸含量以及乳酸/乙酸值；显著（P<0.05）降低106号谷草ADF含量；极显著（P<0.01）降低107号谷草pH值。[结论]添加糖蜜和植物乳杆菌可以提高谷草黄贮发酵品质。

【Abstract】[Objective] To assess the addition of molasses andLactobacillus plantarumon fermentation quality of yellow silage of millet straw. [Method] The straw of two millet cultivars, ‘NO. 106’ and ‘NO. 107’, grown on the experimental field of Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, was used as materials. Molasses (fresh weight of 1.0%) andL. plantarum(106CFU/g fresh weight) were added to prepare the yellow silage of millet straw, and the control group received no addition. There were 3 replicates in each group. The millet straw was fermented at 10 ℃–15 ℃ for 90 days. After opening, the pH value, nutrient content, concentrations of lactic acid and volatile fatty acid, and the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid of the yellow silage of millet straw were determined. [Result] The addition of molasses andL. plantarumelevated the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid as well as the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid of the yellow silage prepared with the straw of ‘NO. 106’ and ‘NO. 107’ (P< 0.01). The addition of molasses andL. plantarumdecreased the ADF content of the yellow silage prepared with ‘NO. 106’ straw (P< 0.05) and the pH value of the yellow silage prepared with ‘NO. 107’ straw (P< 0.01). [Conclusion] Addition of molasses andL. plantarumimproves the fermentation quality of yellow silage of millet straw.

内蒙古发酵酸乳制品中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria in fermented yogurt products in Inner Mongolia

【摘要】以采集自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗的2份发酵酸乳样品为研究对象，采用传统纯化培养技术、16S rDNA基因序列测定并构建系统发育树的方法，对样品中的乳酸菌进行了分离鉴定，以期解析发酵乳中乳酸菌的多样性，积累食品微生物资源。研究结果显示，共分离15株乳酸菌，被鉴定为3个属9个种，3个属分别为乳酸乳球菌属、明串珠菌属和乳杆菌属，9个种分别为乳酸乳球菌叶蝉亚种（Lactococcus lactis subsp.hordniae，3株）、乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis，1株）、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种（Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris，1株）、乳明串珠菌（Leuconostoc lactis，3株）、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种（Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides，1株）、肠膜明串珠菌右旋葡聚糖亚种（Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum，1株）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum，1株）、副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei，3株）和干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei，1株）。综上表明，该研究采集的酸乳样品中乳酸菌资源丰富，是内蒙古传统乳制品优良发酵剂的研发和产业化生产的潜在微生物资源。

【Abstract】The objectives of this study were to reveal the diversity of lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented yogurts and to accumulate food microbial resources. Two fermented yogurt samples were collected from the Zhenglan Banner of Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia. The lactic acid bacteria in the samples were isolated with traditional purification and culture techniques and were subsequently identified using 16S rDNA gene PCR and sequencing in combination with the construction of a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that a total of 15 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified as nine species belonging to three genera. The three genera wereLactococcus,Leuconostoc, andLactobacillus, and the nine species wereLactococcus lactissubsp.hordniae(n= 3),Lactococcus lactis(n= 1),Lactococcus lactissubsp.cremoris(n= 1),Leuconostoc lactis(n= 3),Leuconostoc mesenteroidessubsp.mesenteroides(n= 1),Leuconostoc mesenteroidessubsp.dextranicum(n= 1),Lactobacillus plantarum(n= 1),Lactobacillus paracasei(n= 3), andLactobacillus casei(n= 1). In summary, the collected yogurt samples are rich in lactic acid bacteria resources and are potential microbial resources for the research, development, and industrial production of excellent fermenting agents for traditional dairy products in Inner Mongolia.

不同水平干苹果渣对育肥牛体外产气量、发酵参数、营养物质消化率和生长性能的影响

Effects of Different Levels of Dried Apple Pomace on In Vitro Gas Production, Fermentation Parameters, Nutrients Digestibility and Growth Performance of Fattening Cattle

【摘要】[目的]研究不同水平干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分能量饲料对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃体外产气量、发酵参数、营养物质消化率和生长性能的影响。[方法]分别采用0、4%、8%、12%、16%干苹果渣替代肉牛精料补充料中部分玉米，应用体外产气法测定各组日粮体外发酵0～72 h的产气量；体外产气试验结束后，测定瘤胃液的发酵参数；体外发酵48 h测定人工瘤胃液营养成分体外消化率；利用4%、8%、12%干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分玉米，测定饲喂不同替代比例日粮育肥牛的增重指标。[结果]4%干苹果渣组总产气量显著（P<0.05）高于8%和16%干苹果渣组，各组样品产气主要集中在4～24 h，36～72 h产气量趋于平稳。产气后各组pH值均在正常范围；8%干苹果渣组氨态氮浓度显著（P<0.05）高于12%和16%干苹果渣组；4%和8%干苹果渣组的乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度显著（P<0.05）高于其他各组。对照组的干物质、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维消化率显著（P<0.05）高于其他各组，8%干苹果渣组酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著（P<0.05）高于其他各组。各组育肥牛的试验期间总增重和日增重差异均不显著（P>0.05）。[结论]4%干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分玉米可提高西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃体外发酵产气量，4%和8%干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分玉米可提高瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度及挥发性脂肪酸浓度，有利于瘤胃发酵和饲粮消化。

【Abstract】[Objective] To assess the effects of different levels of dried apple pomace (DAP) replacing part of the energy feed in concentrate supplements onin vitrorumen gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrients digestibility and growth performance of fattening Simmental cattle. [Method] Corns in concentrate supplements were partially replaced by DAP at proportions of 0, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16%, respectively. The rumen gas production of each group during 0 to 72 h of fermentation was monitored by usingin vitrogas production method, and the fermentation parameters of the artificial rumen fluid were determined at the end of thein vitrogas production test. The nutrients digestibility of the artificial rumen fluid was measured at 48 h ofin vitrofermentation. The weight gain indicators of the fattening cattle fed with diets in which corns were partially replaced by DAP at proportions of 4%, 8%, 12% and 16%, respectively, were assessed. [Result] The 4% DAP replacing group had significantly (P< 0.05) higher total gas production in comparison to 8% and 16% DAP replacing groups. The gas production of each group was mainly observed in 4 to 24 h of fermentation and tended to be stable during 36 to 72 h of fermentation. After gas production, the pH value of the artificial rumen fluid of each group was in the normal range. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) of 8% DAP replacing group was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than that of 12% and 16% DAP replacing groups. The concentrations of acetic acid, isobutyric acid,butyric acid, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid of 4% and 8%DAP replacing groups were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than those of the remaining groups. The control group had significantly (P< 0.05) higher digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compared with the remaining groups, and 8% DAP replacing group had significantly (P< 0.05) higher digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) compared with the remaining groups. There were no significant (P> 0.05) differences in total weight gain and daily weight gain during the test period among the fattening cattle in different groups. [Conclusion] Replacement of partial corns in concentrate supplements with 4% DAP increased the rumen gas production inin vitrofermentation of fattening Simmental cattle. 4% and 8% DAP replacements increased the concentrations of NH3-N and volatile fatty acid (VFA) in rumen fluid, which was beneficial to rumen fermentation and diet digestion.

基于线粒体DNA D-loop区序列分析中国及新西兰奶山羊遗传进化关系

Analysis of Genetic and Evolutionary Relationships Between Chinese and New Zealand Dairy Goats Based on Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region

【摘要】[目的]分析我国地方培育奶山羊品种与国外引进品种的遗传进化关系。[方法]以4个国内奶山羊品种（文登奶山羊、关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊、雅安奶山羊）和3个新西兰引进奶山羊品种（阿尔卑斯奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、萨能奶山羊）为研究对象，采集33只个体的外周血样本，提取血液基因组DNA，利用PCR法扩增线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA，mtDNA)D-loop区全长序列，对测序获得的序列进行生物信息学分析，探究不同奶山羊品种的遗传多样性及进化关系。[结果]7个品种奶山羊的mt DNA D-loop区中A、T碱基含量高于G、C碱基含量。共检测到82个多态位点，25个单一多态位点，55个简约信息位点。各品种单倍型多样度（Hd）范围为0.905～1.000，核苷酸多样度（Pi）范围为0.001 51～0.013 32；共存在26种单倍型，文登奶山羊和萨能奶山羊各有5个单倍型，阿尔卑斯奶山羊有4个单倍型，崂山奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、关中奶山羊、雅安奶山羊各有3个单倍型；各品种核苷酸平均差异数（KXY）范围为6.400 00～38.450 00，核苷酸歧异度（DXY）范围为0.005 79～0.034 76，遗传分化系数（GST）范围为0.000 00～0.186 05，遗传分化指数（FST）范围为0.231 56～0.971 52。品种间系统发育树表明，文登奶山羊和崂山奶山羊聚为一支；关中奶山羊与3种新西兰奶山羊遗传距离较近，从遗传学角度证实了关中奶山羊由国外奶山羊与地方品种经杂交选育而成；雅安奶山羊与其他品种遗传距离最远。[结论]中国奶山羊存在2个支系起源且未发现群体扩张；中国培育奶山羊品种含有较多的国外奶山羊血统；文登奶山羊与崂山奶山羊亲缘关系较近，雅安奶山羊在遗传进化中可能存在地域隔离。

【Abstract】[Objective] To assess the genetic and evolutionary relationships between locally bred dairy goat varieties in China and those introduced abroad. [Method] Four domestic dairy goat breeds (Wendeng dairy goat, Guanzhong dairy goat, Laoshan dairy goat, and Ya’an dairy goat) in China and three introduced breeds (Alpine dairy goat, Toggenburg dairy goat, and Saanen dairy goat) from New Zealand were used as research subjects. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 33 individuals and the genomic DNA was extracted. The full length of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was amplified by PCR assay and then sequenced. The obtained sequences were subjected to bioinformatic analysis to uncover the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of various dairy goat breeds. [Result] The contents of A/T in the mtDNA D-loop region of seven dairy goat breeds were higher than those of G/C. A total of 82 variable sites, 25 singleton variable sites, and 55 parsimony informative sites were found. The haplotype diversity (Hd) of the studied dairy goat breeds ranged from 0.905 to 1.000, and the nucleotide diversity (Pi) ranged from 0.001 51 to 0.013 32. There were 26 haplotypes in total, including five haplotypes each in the Wendeng dairy goat and Saanen dairy goat, four haplotypes in the Alpine dairy goat, three haplotypes each in the Laoshan dairy goat, Toggenburg dairy goat, Guanzhong dairy goat, and Ya’an dairy goat. The ranges of average nucleotide diversity (KXY), nucleotide variation (DXY), genetic differentiation index (GST), and genetic differentiation index (FST) were 6.400 00–38.450 00, 0.005 79–0.034 76, 0.000 00–0.186 05, and 0.231 56–0.971 52, respectively. According to the phylogenetic tree among different breeds, the Wendeng dairy goat and Laoshan dairy goat were genetically clustered together into one branch. The genetic relation between the Guanzhong dairy goat and three New Zealand dairy goat breeds was closer, proving that the Guanzhong dairy goat was bred by hybridization of local breeds with foreign dairy goats. Ya’an dairy goat had the greatest genetic distance from the other breeds. Conclusion: In Chinese dairy goats, there are two lineage origins with no evidence of population expansion. The locally bred dairy goats in China are highly genetically linked with foreign dairy goats. Wendeng dairy goat has a close genetic relationship with the Laoshan dairy goat, and Ya’an dairy goat may have experienced regional isolation during the genetic evolution.

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