围绕土壤与植物相互作用研究，本期精选发表在《江西农业大学学报》的5篇双语文章，欢迎阅读！
精选文章·Selected Articles
01
水稻淡白叶突变体的选育与利用研究
Study on Breeding and Utilization of Light White Leaf Mutant in Rice
【摘要】【目的】淡白叶水稻作为有色稻，在稻田景观布置扮演着重要的角色，阐述淡白叶稻的选育过程，对其特征特性、遗传生理和品质等进行研究，为淡白叶稻的利用提供依据。【方法】以淡白叶突变体及其野生型黄华占为试验材料，对其进行正反交实验，同时测定其全生长发育时期的叶绿素含量，并对其进行指纹图谱鉴定。淡白叶突变体与野生型黄华占正反交，其F1代均为绿色表型，其F2代出现淡白叶和绿叶两种类型。【结果】卡方检测分析表明淡白叶突变体属于单基因隐形突变。叶绿素含量测定表明，在早期的营养生长阶段淡白叶突变体与黄华占存在显著差异，而在后期的生殖生长阶段两者无明显差异，同时淡白叶突变体的小区产量也可达到黄华占的86%。【结论】淡白叶突变体的叶色变化对其产量影响不大，淡白叶突变体可作为有色稻育种应用的重要资源。
【Abstract】[Objective]As a type of colored rice, light-white-leaf rice plays an important role in the landscape layout of rice fields. This study introduced the selection process of light-white-leaf rice, its characteristics, genetic physiology and quality, which can provide a reference for the utilization of the rice.[Methods]The light-white-leaf mutant (LWLM) and its wild-type Huang Huazhan (HHZ) were used as the test materials to conduct reciprocal crosses. During the experiments, the chlorophyll content of the whole growth period was measured, and the fingerprint was identified. The reciprocal crosses showed that there was a green phenotype in its F1generation, and there were two types of light white leaves and green leaves in its F2generation.[Results]A Chi-square test showed that LWLM was a single-gene recessive mutation. The determination of chlorophyll content showed that there was a significant difference between LWLM and HHZ in the early vegetative growth stage. However, there was no significant difference between the two in the later reproductive growth stage. Meanwhile, the plot yield of LWLM reached 86% of that of HHZ.[Conclusion]The leaf color change of LWLM exerted little effect on its yield, which indicated that LWLM could be used as an important resource for colored rice breeding.
02
江西不同种植制度下耕地土壤pH值和养分现状分析
Soil pH and nutrient status of cultivated land under different cropping systems in Jiangxi Province
【摘要】【目的】为探明江西省不同种植制度下土壤养分和pH值状况。【方法】参照第2次土壤普查推荐的土壤养分和pH值分级标准，对江西省94个县（市）不同种植制度下具有代表性的4 188个耕地土壤的养分和pH值进行比较分析。【结果】不同种植制度下土壤均酸化严重，稻-闲、稻-稻-闲或水旱轮作稻田土壤pH值<5.5的占比显著高于旱作，而水旱轮作尤其是肥-稻-稻能明显提高双季稻田土壤pH值。不同种植制度下土壤有机质含量中等偏丰富，表现为稻田高于旱地，双季稻田高于单季稻田，肥-稻-稻明显高于油-稻-稻、烟-稻。土壤碱解氮含量较丰富，其中油-稻和肥-稻-稻下土壤碱解氮含量较丰富的土壤样点占比分别达88.13%和82.46%，而油-棉、棉-闲和烟-稻下的土壤碱解氮丰富水平较其他种植制度低。土壤有效磷含量处于中等水平，稻-稻-闲或水旱轮作（除烟-稻）土壤有效磷含量大于20 mg/kg的占比明显高于旱作，而土壤有效磷含量10～20 mg/kg占比表现为旱作高于稻-闲、稻-稻-闲或水旱轮作（除烟-稻），但在9种种植制度中仍有19.00%～34.38%的土壤有效磷含量低于10 mg/kg，极其缺乏。不同种植制度下土壤速效钾含量均较低，速效钾含量在30～100 mg/kg的占比为51.35%～78.57%，速效钾含量大于150 mg/kg的旱作占比明显高于稻-闲、稻-稻-闲或水旱轮作。【结论】由上可知稻-稻-闲或水旱轮作制度（除烟-稻）下土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量均较高，是适合江西省耕地保护和农业增产的重要种植制度，而油-棉、棉-闲、烟-稻种植制度下土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均偏低。在今后农业生产中应结合种植制度对土壤养分的影响及江西土壤氮盈余、钾缺乏、部分土壤磷亏缺、土壤酸化严重的现状，进行合理布局和科学施肥。
【Abstract】[Objective] This study aims to explore the status of soil nutrients and pH values under different cropping systems in Jiangxi Province. [Method] With the soil nutrient and pH grading standards recommended by the Second Soil Survey, the soil nutrients and pH values of 4 188 arable lands in 94 counties (cities) under different cropping system in Jiangxi Province were compared and analyzed.[Result]The results showed that the soil acidification was severe under different cropping systems, and the proportion of paddy soil pH value less than 5.5 for rice-follow and double-cropping rice-fallow or paddy and dry rotation was significantly higher than that of dry cropping, but the pH of double cropping rice soil could be significantly increased by paddy and upland rotation, especially by manure-rice-rice rotation. With different cropping systems, the content of soil organic matter was more abundant. Specifically, the organic matter of paddy fields was higher than that of dry fields, double cropping paddies higher than single cropping paddies, and the manure-rice-rice rotation significantly higher than the oil-rice-rice and tobacco-rice models. The soil was rich in alkali-hydro nitrogen. The soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content in oil-rice and manure-rice-rice modes was high as 88.13% and 82.46% respectively, and the soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content in oil-cotton, cotton and tobacco-rice modes was lower than that in other planting modes. The soil available phosphorus content was at a medium level. The proportion of soil available phosphorus content above 20 mg/kg in double-cropping rice-fallow or paddy-upland rotation (except smoke-rice) was significantly higher than that of dry farming. As for the soil available phosphorus content between 10–20 mg/kg, dry farming was higher than rice-follow, double-cropping rice-fallow or paddy and dry rotation (except tobacco-rice), but in the 9 cropping systems, 19.00%–34.38% of soil available phosphorus content was below 10 mg/kg, which was extremely deficient. Under different cropping systems, the content of available potassium in the soil was lower. The proportion of available potassium in dryland was 51.35%–78.57% between 30 and 100 mg/kg, and the proportion of available potassium content above 150 mg/kg of dry farming was significantly higher than that in rice-follow or double-cropping rice-fallow or crop rotation in paddy and upland. [Conclusion] The soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus content are relatively high under double-cropping rice-fallow or paddy-rice rotation(except tobacco-rice), which is an important cropping system suitable for cultivated land protection and agricultural production in Jiangxi Province. The contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium are all low under the oil-cotton,cotton-follow, tobacco-rice cropping system. In the future, the effects of cropping system on soil nutrients as well as the deficiency of phosphorus and potassium of soil and serious acidification of soil pH in Jiangxi province should be taken into consideration in the future layout of rational distribution and scientific fertilization.
03
六种植被恢复模式对江西退化红壤理化性质及团聚体稳定性的影响
Effects of Six Vegetation Restoration Models on Physicochemical Properties and Aggregate Stability of Degraded Red Soil in Jiangxi Province
【摘要】【目的】探究植被恢复模式对退化红壤区土壤理化性质及团聚体稳定性的影响，为中国南方的退化红壤区选择植被恢复模式及土壤结构改良提供依据。【方法】选择江西省泰和县6种植被恢复模式（马尾松纯林、木荷纯林、湿地松纯林、湿地松补植木荷林、马尾松补植木荷林及湿地松木荷混交林）的土壤作为研究对象，比较分析各种植被恢复模式的团聚体粒级分布及稳定性特征。【结果】（1）湿地松纯林在土壤表层的pH值显著小于其它恢复模式（P<0.05），湿地松补植木荷林在土壤表层的有机质含量最高，各恢复模式的土壤表层TN含量显著大于其它土层（P<0.05）。（2)0～10 cm表层土中>2 mm粒级的马尾松补植木荷林水稳性团聚体含量显著高于木荷纯林（P<0.05），马尾松补植木荷林和湿地松木荷混交林的平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）显著大于马尾松纯林、湿地松纯林以及木荷纯林（P<0.05），马尾松纯林的破坏率（PAD）大于其它恢复模式。（3）土壤中的水稳性大团聚体含量（WR0.25）与破坏率（PAD）、分形维数（D）呈负相关，与团聚体平均直径（MWD、GMD）呈正相关。【结论】通过对6种植被恢复模式的研究比较，结果表明在江西退化红壤区种植混交林对土壤团聚体结构的改善效果比纯林更好，混交林恢复模式比纯林模式更有利于土壤团聚体稳定性的提高。
【Abstract】[Objective]This study aims to explore the effects of vegetation restoration patterns on soil physicochemical properties and aggregate stability in degraded red soil areas to provide a reference to the selection of vegetation restoration models and soil structure improvement in degraded red soil areas in southern China. [Method] The soils of six vegetation restoration models (masson pine forest, pure wood lotus forest, pure pine slashes forest, slash pine replanting Schima superba forest, pine replanted spruce forest, and slash pine spruce mixed forest)were picked up in Taihe County, Jiangxi Province as the study object. The aggregate size distribution and stability characteristics of various vegetation restoration models were analyzed. [Result] (1) The pH value of the soil surface of the pure pine forest was significantly lower than that of other restoration modes. The organic matter content of the pine forest supplemented with tree lotus at the soil surface was the highest. The TN content of the soil surface of each restoration mode was significantly higher than that of other soil layers. (2) The content of water-stable aggregates in the 0–10 cm topsoil with a grain size of > 2 mm in the pine massoniana compensatory tree lotus forest was significantly higher than that of the Schima superba pure forest. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the forest were significantly larger than those of the pure masson pine forest. The aggregate processing damage rate (PAD) of masson pine pure forest was higher than other recovery modes. (3) The content of water-stable macroaggregates (WR0. 25) was negatively correlated with aggregate processing damage rate (PAD) and fractal dimension (D), and positively correlated with the average aggregate diameter. [Conclusion] The comparison of six vegetation restoration models showed that planting mixed forests in the degraded red soil area in Jiangxi Province can improve soil aggregate structure in a better way than planting pure forests. In addition, mixed forest restoration models are more conducive to soil aggregate stability than pure forest models.
04
保水剂对干湿循环的响应及对稀土尾砂土壤水分状况的影响
Response of super-absorbent polymers to dry–wet cycle and effect on soil moisture in rare earth tailing area
【摘要】【目的】南方地区离子型稀土尾矿区的生态环境脆弱，强烈的干湿交替条件加剧了土壤水分亏缺。保水剂由于吸水持水能力强，研究其在稀土尾矿区的应用对于提升土壤水分条件、促进尾矿区生态恢复具有重要的实践意义。【方法】通过模拟土壤吸水和蒸发过程，分析了6次干湿循环条件下保水剂粒径（1.0～2.0 mm、0.45～1.0 mm、<0.18 mm）及浓度（0.2%、0.4%、0.6%）对尾砂土保水和持水能力的影响，为开展保水剂田间应用提供理论依据。【结果】（1）稀土尾砂区土壤水分条件差，其土壤饱和含水量（SWC）显著低于未采矿区自然土（36.21%<39.85%），自然条件下土壤水分蒸发快、完全干旱时间较短；添加保水剂能显著改善尾砂土壤水分状况，尾砂土SWC提升了0.12～0.91倍，通过抵御土壤水分蒸发，土壤完全干旱时间延长了0.67倍，土壤保水持水能力得到提升。（2）保水剂应用效果主要受到土壤干湿循环因素的影响，经历6次干湿循环后添加保水剂的尾砂土SWC从54.87%降至39.33%，土壤完全干旱时间缩短，土壤中的保水剂吸水倍数（SC）从47.19 g/g降至18.01 g/g；削弱效应主要发生在初次循环后，相比循环1次，循环2次后尾砂土SWC和保水剂SC分别降低19.43%和9.39 g/g，尽管如此经历多次循环后应用保水剂的尾砂土水分条件仍优于未采矿区自然土壤（39.33%>34.25%）。（3）保水剂施用方式中，浓度是影响保水剂应用效果的主要因素，粒径则主要影响保水剂吸水性能，两者交互作用显著，浓度和粒径越大，土壤保水持水能力提升效果越好，相比浓度0.2%、粒径<0.18 mm的保水剂，添加浓度0.6%、粒径1.0～2.0 mm的保水剂后，尾砂土SWC和保水剂SC分别提升0.41倍和0.62倍，土壤完全干旱时间延长0.67倍；土壤干湿循环通过破坏保水剂网状结构削弱了其在土壤中的浓度和粒径效应，高浓度和大粒径保水剂更耐久，6次循环后添加0.6%、1.0～2.0 mm的保水剂的尾砂土SWC和保水剂SC分别为46.27%和23.91 g/g。【结论】保水剂在稀土尾砂区具有良好的应用效果，基于保水剂对土壤干湿循环响应机制，添加0.6%、1.0～2.0 mm的保水剂对提升尾砂土保水持水能力及延缓土壤干旱更加有效。
【Abstract】[Objective] The ecological environment of the ionic rare earth tailing area in South China is fragile, and the strong alternation of the dry–wet cycle intensifies the soil water deficit. As super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) have a strong ability to absorb and hold water, it is of great practical significance to study their application for improving soil moisture conditions and promoting ecological restoration in the rare earth tailing area. [Method] By simulating soil water absorption and evaporation process, the effects of particle size (1.0–2.0 mm, 0.45–1 mm, and < 0.18 mm) and concentration (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) of SAPs on water retaining and holding capacity of tailing soil were analyzed under six dry–wet cycles, which provides a theoretical basis for its field application. [Result] (1) The soil water condition in the rare earth tailing area was poor, and the saturated water content (SWC) of soil was significantly lower than that of the natural soil in an unmined area (36. 21% < 39. 85%). Under the natural condition, the soil water evaporation was faster and the complete drought time of tailing soil was shorter. The SAPs could significantly improve the moisture status of tailing soil. It increased SWC of the tailing soil by 0.12–0.91 times, prolonged the complete drought time of tailing soil by 0.67 times, and improved the soil water retaining and holding capacity by resisting soil water evaporation. (2) The application effect of SAPs in tailing soil was mainly affected by the soil dry–wet cycle. After six dry–wet cycles, the SWC of tailing soil with SAPs decreased from 54.87% to 39.33%; the complete drought time of tailing soil was shortened, and the swelling capacity (SC) of SAPs in tailing soil decreased from 47.19 g/g to 18.01 g/g. The weakening effect of the soil dry–wet cycle on SAPs mainly occurred after the first cycle. Compared with the first soil dry–wet cycle, the SWC and SC in the second soil dry–wet cycle decreased by 19.43% and 9.39 g/g, respectively. However, the water condition of tailing soil with SAPs was still better than that of natural soil in an unmined area after six soil dry–wet cycles (39.33% > 34.25%). (3) When SAPs are applied to tailing soil, concentration is the main affecting factor, while particle size mainly affects its water absorption performance. The interaction between these two factors is significant. The larger the concentration and particle size, the better the improvement effect of the water retaining and holding capacity in tailing soil. The SWC and SC of the tailing soil increased by 0.41 and 0.62 times, respectively, and the complete drought time of tailing soil was prolonged by 0.67 times after the SAPs were added with 0.6% concentration and 1.0–2.0 mm particle size. The soil dry–wet cycle weakened the concentration and particle size effect of SAPs in tailing soil by destroying the network structure of SAPs. The SAPs with high concentration and large particle size were more durable. After six cycles, the SWC and SC of tailing soil with 0.6% concentration and 1.0–2.0 mm particle size of SAPs were 46.27% and 23.91 g/g, respectively. [Conclusion] The SAPs have a good application effect in the rare earth tailing area. Based on the response mechanism of SAPs to soil dry–wet cycling conditions, adding SAPs with 0.6% concentration and 1.0–2.0 mm particle size is more effective in improving the water retaining and holding capacity of tailing soil and delaying soil drought.
05
石墨烯对杉木无性系根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响
Effects of Graphene on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Diversity in Rhizosphere of Cunninghamia lanceolata Seedlings
【摘要】【目的】探究不同浓度石墨烯处理对杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）幼苗根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响，为杉木优质苗木的高效培育提供参考。【方法】以1年生“洋061”杉木无性系为研究对象，通过盆栽试验，在施加复合肥30 g的基础上，分析30 mg/L(T1)、25 mg/L(T2)、20 mg/L(T3)石墨烯处理对杉木幼苗根际土壤酶活性及微生物多样性差异，并进行相关性及RDA分析。【结果】随着石墨烯浓度的增加，其对杉木幼苗根际土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺酶活性抑制作用增强，均呈现低促高抑的趋势。T3处理4种酶活性分别比对照高6.87%、59.32%、2.65%、12.75%，表现为T3>T2>CK>T1，不同处理之间硝酸还原酶达显著性差异（P<0.05）；石墨烯处理后，杉木幼苗根际土壤微生物多样性总体高于对照，表现为T3处理下的微生物多样性指数最高；其中，细菌的Shannon、Simpson指数在不同浓度处理与对照之间差异不显著（P>0.05），而T3、T2处理真菌的Shannon、Simpson指数分别比对照提高18.39%、11.53%,T1则降低了14.75%，大小排序为T3>T2>CK>T1，与对照差异显著（P<0.05）。细菌的Chao1、Ace指数除T1外，与对照达显著性差异（P<0.05）；相较细菌多样性而言，石墨烯对真菌多样性的影响更加显著。相关性分析表明，硝酸还原酶活性与细菌chao1和ace指数呈极显著正相关，脲酶活性与真菌shannon指数呈显著正相关，亚硝酸还原酶活性与真菌shannon和simpson指数呈显著正相关，而硝酸还原酶活性与真菌4种多样性指数呈显著或极显著相关，土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶是引起微生物多样性变化的重要因子。【结论】20 mg/L石墨烯能够提升杉木幼苗根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性，促进养分的周转，提高杉木幼苗对养分的吸收利用，从而最终促进杉木幼苗的生长。
【Abstract】[Objective] This study aims to explore the effects of different concentrations of graphene on the enzyme activities and microbial diversity in rhizosphere soil ofCunninghamia lanceolataseedlings, thus providing a reference for the efficient cultivation of high-qualityCunninghamia lanceolataseedlings. [Method] Taking one-year-oldCunninghamia lanceolataclone “Yang 061” as the research object, a pot experiment was conducted on the basis of applying 30 g compound fertilizer to every treatment, the effects of 30 (T1), 25 (T2), 20 mg/L (T3) graphene on soil enzyme activities, as well as microbial diversity were analyzed, and the correlation and RDA analysis were also performed. [Result] With the increase of graphene concentration, the activity of urease, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutaminase in rhizosphere soil ofcunninghamia lcunninghamiaseedlings was enhanced, which showed a trend of promoting low level and inhibiting high level. The activities of four enzymes in the T3 treatment were 6.87%, 59.32%, 2.65%, and 12.75% higher than those in the control respectively, which showed a pattern of T3 > T2 > CK > T1, showing a significant difference in nitrate reductase activity among different treatments (P< 0.05). After graphene treatment, the rhizosphere soil microbial diversity ofcunninghamia lcunninghamiaseedlings was generally higher than those of the control, and the highest microbial diversity index was found in the T3 treatment. Among them, the Shannon and Simpson indices of bacteria were not significantly different among different concentration treatments and controls (P> 0.05), while the Shannon and Simpson indices of T3 and T2 treated fungi were increased by 18.39% and 11.53%, T1 was decreased by 14.75%, and the size order was T3 > T2 > CK > T1, which was significantly different from the control (P< 0.05). The Chao1 and Ace indices of bacteria except T1 were significantly different in the control (P< 0.05). The effect of Graphene on fungal diversity was more significant than that on bacterial diversity. Correlation analysis showed that nitrate reductase activity was positively correlated with bacterial Chao1 and Ace indices. There was a significant positive correlation between urease activity and fungal Shannon index, and a significant positive correlation between nitrite reductase activity and fungal Shannon and Simpson indices, and a significant or extremely significant correlation between nitrate reductase activity and fungal diversity index. Soil urease and nitrate reductase are important factors causing microbial diversity change. [Conclusion] 20 mg/L graphene can improve the rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and microbial diversity ofcunninghamia lcunninghamiaseedlings, promote the turnover of nutrients, improve the uptake and utilization of nutrients, and ultimately promote the growth ofcunninghamia lcunninghamiaseedlings.
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