胡壮麟语言学教程第5版重点笔记和练习题库|应用语言学|语法学|语言学|语音学|音系学

复习笔记

本章要点：

1. The definition and the design features of language

语言的定义与特征

2. The origin and the function of language

语言的起源和功能

3. Main branches of linguistics study

语言学研究的范围和内容

4. Important distinctions in Linguistics

语言学的一些重要区分

本章考点：

1. 有关语言的常考考点

语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性)；

语言的功能(提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言)；

语言的起源(神授说，人造说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。

2. 有关语言学的常考考点

(1) 语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。

(2) 语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。

(3) 普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。

(4) 宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

本章内容索引：

I. Definition of language

II. Design features of language

1. Arbitrariness

2. Duality

3. Creativity

4. Displacement

5. Cultural Transmission

6. Interchangeability

III. Origin of language

1. The Biblical account

2. The bow-wow theory

3. The pooh-pooh theory

4. The yo-he-ho theory

5. The evolution theory

IV. Functions of language

1. Informative function

2. Interpersonal function

3. Performative function

4. Emotive function

5. Phatic function

6. Recreational function

7. Metalingual function

V. Definition of linguistics

VI. Branches of linguistics

1. Microlinguistics

2. Macrolinguistics

VII. Important concepts and their distinctions

1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive

2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic

3. Langue vs. Parole

4. Competence vs. Performance

5. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Grammar

6. Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic Behavior

I. The definition of language (语言的定义)

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.

语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。

II. The design features of language (语言的定义特征)

【考点：名词解释&填空】

Design features refer to the defining properties of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。

1. Arbitrariness (任意性)

It is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. It is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree.

任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。

2. Duality (二重性)

Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements (e.g. sounds, letters) and units (e.g. words).

二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。

考研真题精选

一、填空题

1. Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n) _____language faculty.（中山大学2018研）

【答案】innate查看答案

【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。

2. _____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. Religious, legal).（北二外2016研）

【答案】Function查看答案

【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。

3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____it is associated with.（人大2007研）

【答案】meaning查看答案

【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called _____.（大连外国语学院2008研）

【答案】performative查看答案

【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

5. Phonetics is the study of _____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.（北京邮电大学2015研）

【答案】speech查看答案

【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。

6. A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.（中山大学2017研）

【答案】combinations查看答案

【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

7. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _____ and performance.（人大2006研）

【答案】competence查看答案

【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。

8. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes _____.（中山大学2018研）

【答案】inflection查看答案

【解析】曲折变化是指通过添加屈折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，体和格等来表示某词语法关系的变化。

9. _____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.（北二外2016研）

【答案】Diachronic查看答案

【解析】本题考查历时性的定义。语言的历时性指语言随时间的延续而引发的变化。语言的历时性是相对于语言的共时性而言的，共时性语言学是研究理论上处于一个时点的语言，描写语言的一个“状态”，不管正在发生哪些变化。

10. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.（中山大学2018研）

【答案】vocal folds查看答案

【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。

11. _____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.（北京邮电大学2016研）

【答案】Phonetics查看答案

12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is _____ function.（北二外2015研）

【答案】phatic查看答案

【解析】本题考查语言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是语言最基本的一项功能。人们用寒暄语来营造一种气氛或保持社会联系而非交流信息。人们使用寒暄语就是为了缓和谈话双方的关系，同时使谈话双方从心理上得到满足。

13. Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of _____ principally transmitted by vocal sounds. （中山大学2017研）

【答案】symbols查看答案

【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

来源：弘博学习网