12月7日，有媒体报道历史课本上明太祖照片换了，几代人的记忆被刷新！
很多人小时候在历史课本里看到的朱元璋，都是那张下巴前凸、脸颊狭长还满脸黑痣的“鞋拔子脸”，现在再翻新版课本，换成了五官匀称、面容丰满、神态庄重的画像。
History textbooks in China have updated the portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang, founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The familiar "shoehorn-faced" depiction has been replaced with a fuller, more balanced and dignified image, prompting many netizens to remark that "a childhood memory has been refreshed".
网友晒出老版本历史书
记者查看人教社官网发现，朱元璋在历史书上“换脸”已经很多年了。2019年人民教育出版社出版的普通高中教科书《中外历史纲要（上）》中，朱元璋就已告别“鞋拔子脸”。
2019版人教社教材
在人教社官方网站上，2024年版的初中历史教科书（七下）中朱元璋也已替换。
The change is not recent. According to the People's Education Press, the updated portrait has appeared in textbooks since 2019, and the 2024 grade 7 edition continues to use it.
2024版人教社教材（七年级下册）
记者发现，在故宫博物馆《明清肖像画的传移摹写与鉴定故宫研究院学术讲坛第七十六讲》中有描述，在清人胡敬的《南薰殿图像考》中，记载的朱元璋画像就有十二帧之多。
这些画像大致可分为两类：一类为天庭饱满，俊朗和煦，如台北故宫博物院所藏明太祖全身坐像及晚年半身像等，均属此类，称为正形像；一类为下颚凸出，脸颊拉长，面颊布满黑痣，如中国国家博物馆和台北故宫博物院所藏明太祖全身坐像等，称为异形像。
A lecture by the Palace Museum notes that Zhu's portraits historically existed in multiple forms. Qing scholar Hu Jing documented twelve versions, typically divided into two categories:
zhengxing("standard") portraits, featuring a broad forehead and composed expression, and
yixing("unusual") portraits, marked by a protruding jaw, an elongated face, and numerous moles. Examples of both types are preserved in museums in Beijing and Taipei, Taiwan.
图源：故宫博物馆《明清肖像画的传移摹写与鉴定故宫研究院学术讲坛第七十六讲》
文中还显示，关于朱元璋真实形象的记载，有不同说法。《蓬轩类记》记载：“高皇尝集画工传写御容，多不称旨。……一工探知上意，稍于形似之外，加穆穆之容以进，上览之，甚喜。”有可能朱元璋出于安全考虑，不欲令人知晓真实样貌，另一种说法是朱元璋是通过起义夺得皇位，为彰显政权合法性，特地将自己形象塑造成奇人异相。
朱元璋的异形像之所以在民间流播甚广，其主要原因在于朱元璋贵为九五之尊，民间往往将其神化，容易满足普通民众对皇帝的神秘心理，再加上朱元璋本人对其异形像推波助澜，因而自明代洪武年间直到清代，关于朱元璋的异形像就大行其道。
Historical records also differ on Zhu's actual appearance. Some scholars argue he concealed his true looks for security reasons, while others believe he promoted an "unusual" image to enhance the mystique and legitimacy of a ruler who rose from rebellion.
Elevated to near-mythic status in the public imagination, and with Zhu himself encouraging certain portrayals, these depictions spread widely from the Hongwu period (1368–1398) of the Ming Dynasty through to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).
来源：大象新闻 都市现场 故宫博物院 羊城晚报
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