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是一种双分子亲核取代反应(SN2反应)。1967年, Mitsunobu 报道了在三苯基膦(PPh3)和偶氮二甲酸二乙酯(DEAD)作用下酸和醇缩合成酯的新方法。当底物为仲醇的时候,与羟基相连的碳原子的构型会发生翻转。亲核试剂质子的pKa值必须小于甜菜碱式中间体(betaineintermediate)的pKa 值(~11)。经典的Mitsunobu反应虽能通过一步反应实现醇的立体特异性取代,但其适用范围受限于酸性亲核试剂(如叠氮化物、磺酰胺等),无法直接使用碱性胺类亲核试剂。
近期,William S. Bechara等人报道了一种新型离子对试剂——BEHT三氟甲磺酸盐((1,2-Bis(Ethoxycarbonyl)Hydrazineyl)Triphenyl-phosium triflate),通过模拟Mitsunobu反应的甜菜碱中间体,实现了醇与多种亲核试剂(包括伯胺、仲胺、卤化物等)的直接、温和且立体特异性的取代反应,并首次通过X射线晶体学证实了质子化甜菜碱中间体的存在。此试剂另外还克服了传统Mitsunobu试剂存在热不稳定性和爆炸风险以及不适用于工业生产等缺点。【Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, e202420312;doi.org/10.1002/anie.202420312】
试剂合成:
合成步骤:BEHT三氟甲磺酸盐由三苯基膦(Ph₃P)、二乙基偶氮二甲酸酯(DEAD)和三氟甲磺酸(TfOH)在二氯甲烷中反应一步制得,通过加入乙醚沉淀纯化,产率达95%。
To a flame-dried and argon-purged 2-L round-bottom flask equipped with a large magnetic stir bar and a septum were added PPh3 (52.46 g, 0.2 mol) and dry DCM (200 mL, 1 M). After complete solubilization of PPh3 (5 min), the solution was cooled to 0 °C and diethyl azodicarboxylate (31.4 mL, 0.2 mol) was slowly added dropwise via a syringe. The orange color of DEAD was rapidly consumed in contact with the solution and the mixture turned yellow when DEAD was completely added. The reaction was stirred for 1 min at 0 °C and TfOH was slowly added dropwise via a glass syringe with a metal needle. As TfOH (17.7 mL, 0.2 mol) was added, the yellow color gradually lost intensity until it became pale yellow at the end of the addition. The reaction was stirred for 10 min at 0 °C and 30 min at rt. About half of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure on a rotavap with a water bath at 22 °C. Et2O (1.5 L) was added to the mixture with vigorous stirring, resulting in a white suspension after a few minutes. The solid was collected by filtration with a medium porosity sintered funnel and washed with Et2O (3×70 mL). The product was dried under high vacuum at 60 °C for 12 h to obtain the pure product BEHT triflate as a fine, white, free-flowing powder (113.78 g, 97% yield).
BEHT三氟甲磺酸盐关键性质 :
安全性:通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定其分解热为-219 J/g,远低于DEAD(-1466 J/g)和DIAD(-778 J/g);Koenen测试显示其爆炸极限直径<1.0 mm,表明无爆炸性风险。
稳定性:室温下长期储存(数年)无分解迹象,¹H NMR验证其化学稳定性。
结构表征:X射线晶体学明确显示质子化甜菜碱中间体(C)的分子结构,其中三苯基膦与DEAD通过离子键结合,三氟甲磺酸根作为抗衡离子。
条件优化:
溶剂筛选:DCE和DCM表现最佳,极性溶剂(如DMF)导致立体特异性下降。
碱的作用:DIPEA(2.5当量)通过中和副产物TfOH,显著提升反应速率和产率(85% vs. 无碱36%)。
温度影响:45°C下反应时间缩短,产率提高至92%(es >99%),无消旋化迹象。
反应机理:
BEHT三氟甲磺酸盐通过质子化甜菜碱中间体活化醇,形成氧鏻离子,随后亲核试剂(如胺)经SN2途径取代,伴随构型翻转。
与传统Mitsunobu不同,BEHT试剂无需酸性亲核试剂提供质子,直接利用预质子化的中间体,突破了pKa限制。机理直接从下图第三步开始。
底物适用性
醇类底物:
甲醇:一步甲基化(4w,72%)为还原胺化提供替代方案。
伯醇:苄基(3b,产率68%)、环丙甲基(3c,56%)、炔丙基(3f,87%)均高效反应。
仲醇:环庚醇(3j)、手性薄荷醇衍生物(3k)成功转化。
手性中心保留:乳酸酯(3a,es >99%)和扁桃酸酯(3m,es 90%)显示优异立体特异性,但苯甲醇类底物(3n, 3o)因空间位阻不足出现消旋化。
亲核试剂:
胺类:伯胺(苯胺、脂肪胺)、仲胺(哌啶、吗啉)、含敏感官能团胺(如对氨基苯酚)均高效反应。
其他亲核试剂:卤化物(Cl⁻、Br⁻、I⁻)、叠氮化物(NaN₃)、硫醇、酚类及甲醇等。
应用实例
甲基化反应:以甲醇为亲核试剂,一步合成甲基化产物(72%产率)。
级联反应:双醇与胺的分子间胺化/分子内环化串联反应,合成四氢异喹啉(67%产率)。
药物合成:抗血小板药物氯吡格雷(Plavix®)的单步合成,产率90%,es >99%,显著优于传统多步路线。
BEHT三氟甲磺酸盐作为一类新型Mitsunobu型试剂,突破了传统反应对亲核试剂酸性的限制,实现了醇与碱性胺的直接立体特异性取代。首次通过X射线晶体学证实质子化甜菜碱中间体的存在,为Mitsunobu反应机理研究提供直接证据。此试剂具有广泛适用性:覆盖伯/仲醇、胺类、卤化物、硫醇等多样亲核试剂,兼容复杂手性分子(如药物中间体)。避免多步活化或保护,减少废物生成(原子经济性)。低分解热、无爆炸性,适合工业化放大。在药物合成和绿色合成上具有巨大潜力。
反应操作:
To a flame-dried and argon-purged 10 mL round-bottom flask equipped with a stir bar and a septum were added BEHT triflate (704 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and anhydrous solvent (DCM or DCE)3 (1.0 mL,1 M). The alcohol (1a-m) (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv), the nucleophile (2a-q, w-z) (1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and DIPEA (0.174 mL, 1 mmol, 1 equiv) were rapidly added and the reaction was stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched by addition of 5 mL of a saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The biphasic mixture was then transferred to a 60 mL separation funnel using 20 mL of DCM and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×15 mL) and the organic layers were combined. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (column RediSep® Rf Gold 40 g) using a mixture of EtOAc/hexanes or diethyl ether/hexanes.
参考资料:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, e202420312;doi.org/10.1002/anie.202420312
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