BEC专栏 | 洞悉就业市场趋势，锚定职业发展方向|bec|毕业生|理工科|薪资

全球整体失业状况及差异

全球失业状况与趋势（2025–2026）

Rate and Outlook:The global unemployment rate holds at a historically low 4.9%, with total unemployment projected to reach 186 million in 2026.

Labour Underutilization:Despite low unemployment, 408 million people face a "jobs gap" .

Key Challenges:The market is characterized by high, persistent unemployment among youth and significant gender gaps, especially

in developing economies.

Impact of Technology:Rapid adoption of AI, robotics, and digital access is driving both the creation of new, high-skill roles and the decline of others.

比率与展望：全球失业率保持在历史低位的4.9%，预计2026年失业总人数将达到1.86亿。

劳动力未充分利用：尽管失业率低，仍有4.08亿人面临“就业缺口”。

主要挑战：市场特征是青年失业率居高不下且持续存在，以及显著的性别差距，特别是在发展中经济体。

技术影响：人工智能、机器人技术和数字接入的快速普及，既推动了新的高技能岗位的创造，也导致了其他岗位的减少。

失业率的差异

Low-Income Regions:In contrast to global trends, low-income nations have experienced rising unemployment, climbing from 5.1% in 2022 to 5.3% in 2024.

Regional Disparities:High unemployment persists in North Africa, the Arab States, and Sub-Saharan Africa, while Latin America and Europe have seen improvements below pre-pandemic levels.

Country Extremes:As of late 2023/2024 data, high unemployment rates were noted in South Africaand Spain10—12%, while nations like Japan, Singapore, and Mexico maintain very low rates .

Demographic Differences:Youthface much higher hurdles, with rates, for example, hitting 28% in Spain compared to 3.8% in Japan.

低收入地区：与全球趋势相反，低收入国家的失业率有所上升，从2022年的5.1%攀升至2024年的5.3%。

区域差异：北非、阿拉伯国家和撒哈拉以南非洲的失业率依然很高，而拉丁美洲和欧洲的失业率已降至疫情前水平以下。

国家极端情况：截至2023年底/2024年的数据，南非的失业率极高，西班牙约为10–12%；而日本、新加坡和墨西哥等国家的失业率非常低。

人口统计差异：青年面临更高的障碍，例如西班牙的失业率高达28%，而日本仅为3.8%。

2025年主要经济体参考失业率

United States:Approximately 4.4%.

China:5.1%.

European Union:6.0%.

South Africa:Remains at an extremely high level, around 31.9%.

美国：约4.4%。

中国：5.1%。

欧盟：6.0%。

南非：仍保持在极高水平，约为31.9%。

未来展望

Economic Constraints:A slowdown in economic growth to 3.2% limits job creation, particularly in less-developed regions.

Policy Risks:While inflation is cooling, tightened fiscal policies in some regions run the risk of causing further social disruption and unemployment.

经济制约：经济增长放缓至3.2%限制了就业机会的创造，特别是在欠发达地区。

政策风险：虽然通胀正在降温，但某些地区收紧的财政政策可能会引发进一步的社会动荡和失业。

不同行业的高校毕业生就业情况

本科毕业生

In 2025, college and postgraduate graduates face a competitive job market with high employability, as 9 out of 10 graduates are ﬁnding work. While starting salaries for bachelor’s degrees have faced pressure—holding steady at HK$19,500 in Hong Kong—overall employment rates remain strong, with many securing roles in tech, ﬁﬁnance, and specialized sectors, often supplemented by signing bonuses.

2025年，高校及研究生毕业生面临竞争激烈的就业市场，但就业率很高，每10名毕业生中有9人找到了工作。虽然学士学位的起薪面临压力——在香港稳定在19,500港元——但整体就业率依然强劲，许多人获得了科技、金融和专业领域的职位，通常还伴有签约奖金。

研究生毕业生

Employment Rates and Job Market

HighEmployment:Around 90% of graduates are employed, with a strong preference for candidates with good interpersonal skills, work attitude, and analytical abilities.

Sector Demand:Technology, finance, engineering, and consulting remain top hiring sectors.

Contract Types:While permanent contracts are common, nearly 27% of graduates start with temporary or project-based work.

Graduate Mobility:International opportunities are increasing, with nearly one-third of graduates beginning careers abroad.

就业率与就业市场

高就业率：约90%的毕业生已就业，雇主强烈偏好具备良好人际交往能力、工作态度和和分析能力的候选人。

行业需求：技术、金融、工程和咨询仍然是招聘最多的行业。

合同类型：虽然长期合同很常见，但近27%的毕业生始于临时性或基于项目的工作。

毕业生流动性：国际机会正在增加，近三分之一的毕业生在海外开始职业生涯。

Average Salaries and Compensation

Bachelor's Degrees:Average salaries for business graduates are projected to rise, with finance and management information systems offering high starting salaries. In some regions, like Hong Kong, starting salaries for bachelor's degrees have stabilized around HK$19,500.Postgraduate Premium:Advanced degrees significantly boost earnings, with median annual salaries for masters/PhD holders exceeding bachelor's levels .

Bonuses:Over 50% of employers plan to offer signing bonuses, providing additional, immediate financial incentives for new hires.

平均薪资与薪酬

学士学位：商科毕业生的平均薪资预计将上升，金融和管理信息系统提供较高的起薪。在一些地区，如香港，学士学位的起薪已稳定在19,500港元左右。

研究生溢价：高级学位显著提高收入，硕士/博士持有者的中位年薪高于学士水平。

奖金：超过50%的雇主计划提供签约奖金，为新员工提供额外的即时财务激励。

Industry-Speciﬁc Performance

Top Earners:Finance, consulting, and technology sectors offer the highest starting salaries.

Stable Sectors:Construction, education, and design offer fast placement and high job security, though typically with lower starting salaries compared to finance.

Interdisciplinary Roles:Graduates from interdisciplinary programs are seeing significant, sometimes upwards of 20%, salary increases.

特定行业表现

最高收入者：金融、咨询和技术行业提供最高的起薪。

稳定行业：建筑、教育和设计行业提供快速的入职机会和高工作保障，尽管其起薪通常低于金融行业。

跨学科角色：来自跨学科项目的毕业生薪资显著增长，有时增幅超过20%。

就业市场中的理工科学生vs文科学生

理工科学生如何发展职业生涯？

STEM students can develop their careers by gaining hands-on experience through internships, building a strong professional network via mentors and conferences, and mastering both technical skillsand "soft" skills. Engaging in project-based learning and staying updated on industry trends are also critical.

理工科学生可以通过实习获得实践经验，通过导师和会议建立强大的职业网络，并掌握技术技能和“软”技能来发展职业生涯。参与基于项目的学习并紧跟行业趋势也至关重要。

文科学生如何发展职业生涯？

Liberal Arts students can develop their careers by leveraging critical thinking, communication, and adaptability skills through internships, networking, and technical skillbuilding.Key actions include using platforms like Handshake, pursuing micro-internships, connecting with alumni, and tailoring resumes to highlight transferable skills for diverse industries like marketing, HR, and technology.

文科学生可以通过实习、人际网络和技能提升，利用批判性思维、沟通和适应能力来发展职业生涯。关键行动包括使用Handshake等平台，追求微实习，联系校友，并调整简历以突出可转移技能，从而适应营销、人力资源和技术等不同行业。

未来5年的就业趋势

核心驱动力：深化的技术革命

Pervasive AI and Automation:

Coexistence of Substitution and Creation:Repetitive, process-driven jobswill be replaced at an accelerating pace. Simultaneously, this will create a multitude of new roles such as AI Trainers, Prompt Engineers, AI Ethicists, and Human-Machine Collaboration Coordinators.

"AI + Skills" as the New Standard:Almost all positions will require the ability to leverage AI tools to enhance productivity. Prompt Engineering will become a fundamental workplace skill.

无处不在的人工智能与自动化：

替代与创造并存：重复性、流程驱动的工作将以加速的步伐被取代。同时，这将创造大量新角色，如AI训练师、提示词工程师、AI伦理学家和人机协作协调员。

“AI+技能”成为新标准：几乎所有职位都将需要利用AI工具提高生产力的能力。提示词工程将成为基本的职场技能。

Deep Integration of Digital Technology and the Real Economy:

Cross-Industry Digital Transformation:From "Industrial Internet" in manufacturing to

"Digital Operations" in services, composite talents who understand both business and digital technologywill remain in high demand.

High-Growth Sectors:New energy, electric vehicle supply chains, carbon accounting and trading, ESG consulting, circular economy technologies.

Emerging Professions:Carbon Asset Managers, Sustainability Managers

数字技术与实体经济的深度融合：

跨行业数字化转型：从制造业的“工业互联网”到服务业的“数字运营”，既懂业务又懂数字技术的复合型人才将继续供不应求。

高增长领域：新能源、电动汽车供应链、碳核算与交易、ESG咨询、循环经济技。

新兴职业：碳资产管理师、可持续发展经理。

产业结构调整催生新领域

Booming Health and Silver Economy:

Aging societies will generate massive demand for health management, telemedicine, rehabilitation care, and the R&D/services of smart elderly care devices.

Increased research and application roles in biotech and health tech

蓬勃发展的健康与银发经济：

老龄化社会将对健康管理、远程医疗、康复护理以及智能养老设备的研发/服务产生巨大需求。

生物技术和健康技术的研究和应用岗位增加。

Evolution of New Consumption and Experience Economy:

Consumption upgrades are shifting towards the pursuit of emotional value, cultural identity, and immersive experiences. Relevant careers include: Content Creators. User Experience Designers . Brand Community Managers, Experiential Travel/Edutainment Planners.

新消费与体验经济的演变：

消费升级正转向对情感价值、文化认同和沉浸式体验的追求。相关职业包括：内容创作者、用户体验设计师、品牌社区经理、体验式旅游/寓教于乐策划师。

工作模式与雇佣关系的根本转变

Normalization of Flexible and Hybrid Work Models:

Remote and hybrid work will become mainstream options, driving demand for collaboration tools, remote team management, and online corporate culture building.

The gig economy and project-based hiring will become more common, making personal branding and the ability to "productize" one's skills crucial.

灵活与混合工作模式的常态化：

远程和混合工作将成为主流选项，推动对协作工具、远程团队管理和在线企业文化建设的需求。

零工经济和基于项目的招聘将变得更加普遍，使得个人品牌和将技能“产品化”的能力至关重要。

Skills-First Approach Replaces Degree-First Mentality:

Companies will focus more on "what you can do" rather than "where you graduated from." The value of micro-credentials, nano-degrees, and skill certifications will increase significantly.Lifelong learning will shift from a concept to a necessity for career survival.

“技能优先”取代“学历优先”的心态：

公司将更关注“你能做什么”，而不是“你从哪里毕业”。微证书、纳米学位和技能认证的价值将显著增加。终身学习将从一个概念转变为职业生存的必需品。

人才与技能需求的演变

Soaring Value of Core Soft Skills:

Abilities difficult for machines to replicate will become core competitive advantages, including:

Complex Problem Solving and Critical Thinking. Creativity, Empathy, and Communication. Resilience, Adaptability, and Continuous Learning.

核心软技能价值飙升：

机器难以复制的能力将成为核心竞争优势，包括：复杂问题解决能力和批判性思维、创造力、同理心以及沟通能力、韧性、适应力和持续学习能力。

Human-Machine Collaboration and Data Literacy:

Understanding data and collaborating with AI to complete tasks will become foundational competencies. Data Interpretation and Data-Driven Decision-Making will be valuable assets across all professions.

人机协作与数据素养：

理解数据并与AI协作完成任务将成为基础能力。数据解读和数据驱动决策将成为所有职业的宝贵资产。

个人见解与行动

就个人发展而言，你获得了哪些见解或启示？

The ‘collar’ classification is becoming less about the color of your shirt and more about the color of your skillset. The future job market, as reflected in our unemployment data and article, rewards hybrid professionals. Whether you come from an arts or science background, the key is to build a unique portfolio of technical AND humancentric skills.

“领子”（白领/蓝领）的分类不再取决于你衬衫的颜色，而取决于你技能组合的颜色。正如我们的失业数据和文章所反映的，未来的就业市场奖励混合型专业人才。无论你来自艺术还是科学背景，关键在于建立独特的技术和以人为本的技能组合。

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