1861年在美国,北方以雇佣劳动为基础的资本主义工商业与南方以种植园经济为主的经济制发生矛盾。“不解放奴隶就不能拯救国家”。美国南北战争爆发。
1863年11月19日在宾夕法尼亚州葛底斯堡国家公墓落成典礼上,美国第16任总统林肯仅用约两分半钟、272词,发表了这篇美国历史上最伟大的演说!
林肯借公墓落成之机,向民众阐明这场战争已从“维护统一”升华为“争取平等与自由”的深远意义。
The Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
以下是《葛底斯堡演说》的中文翻译:
亚伯拉罕·林肯
1863年11月19日
八十七年前,我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新国家,它孕育于自由之中,奉行一切人生而平等的原则。
现在我们正投身于一场伟大的内战,以考验这个国家,或任何一个如此孕育、如此奉行的国家,能否长久存续。我们在这场战争的一个伟大战场上相聚。我们来到这里,是要把这片战场的一部分奉献给那些为这个国家的生存而献出生命的人们,作为他们最后的安息之所。我们这样做是完全应当且恰当的。
然而,从更广泛的意义上说,我们无法奉献——我们无法圣化——我们无法神化这片土地。曾在此奋斗的勇士们,无论生死,都已圣化了这片土地,远非我们微薄的力量所能增减。世人不会太注意、也不会长久记住我们在这里说的话,但永远不会忘记他们在这里做的事。我们活着的人,更应当在此献身于他们为止奋斗至今、如此崇高推进的未竟事业。我们更应当在此献身于摆在我们面前的伟大任务——从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的忠诚,忠于他们为之献出最后全部忠诚的事业——我们在此坚决宣誓,这些死者不会白白牺牲——这个国家在上帝的护佑下,将获得自由的新生——而民有、民治、民享的政府,绝不会从地球上消亡。
林肯没有停留在悼念阵亡者,而是借此升华了内战的政治目标。当时“不解放黑奴就无法拯救国家”已成现实,但并非所有北方人都支持废奴。林肯将战争的意义锚定在《独立宣言》的“人人生而平等”之上,把维护联邦的战争,转化为一场“自由的新生”的道德事业。结尾“民有、民治、民享”的论断,更是为民主政体赋予了超越时代的意义。
这篇伟大的演说,感召极深。它深深地激励了后世包括马丁·路德·金在内的民权运动者。
Government of the people, by the people, for the people!
2026.10.21于浙江·湖州·陆家漾畔
(ZYX443)
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