第一次读到Frank Boas下面这段话是在Michael Agar的Language Shock一书里:

In fact, my whole outlook upon social life is determined by the question: how can we recognize the shackles that tradition has laid upon us? For when we recognize them, we are also able to break them.

当时就很喜欢这段话,确实如Boas所言,要挣脱枷锁,首先得认识到自己的脖子上套着枷锁。有点意外的是,Argar是个蛮严谨的学者,但他只说这是one famous passage, 居然没有标明这段话的出处。注释虽有提及Boas的著作,但那些都不是这段话的出处。我手头有多部Boas著作的电子版,但在这些书里都找不到这段话。

近来在写一本与文化有关的书,因而又读了不少相关的著作,多次发现这段话被学者提及,但他们都没有表明出处。虽然不用这段话也可以,或者转引他人也符合规范,但心里总是不舒服。

写书都会按计划对问题分主次,不会对所有的问题都刨根问底。但生性懒散,专业训练不够的我常常很难抵挡好奇心的诱惑。每每“读”出去老远,多少满足了点好奇心之后才会猛然意识到“读偏”了。不过,这“读偏”在于我,却是写书时最好玩的事情。

好奇问了豆包,豆包给出了文章的出处,说是出自1938年发表在The Nation的文章An Anthropologist’s Credo。它还说这篇文章被收入Race, Language Culture这本集子。这书我手头有。由于豆包这条信息不准,多疑的我对豆包给出的文章题目也不太敢信。

我不翻墙,用不了谷歌,只能用必应。都说AI强大,但AI只是个巧妇而已。非常吃惊的是,我在必应上键入An Anthropologist’s Credo,竟然没有出现相关的条文,而且这题目都不曾显现。后来有幸读到Powell(2015)的The Study of Geography? Frank Boas and his Canonical Returns一文,Powell提供的出处和豆包的一致,总算是证实这段话确实出自1938年的The Nation的那篇文章。

找到了出处又产生了新的疑惑:既然这段话这么有名,引用的人那么多,为什么这篇文章不见各种人类学或文化讨论的文集收入呢?Boas说这话的上下文是什么?

知道了文章和出处却得不到原文,这更是煎熬,于是不顾一切地查开去了。幸亏昨天朋友帮忙找到了Fadiman 1939年选编的I Believe: The Personal Philosophies of Certain Eminent Men and Women of Our Time一书(New York:Simon and Schuster)。他告诉我书里有作者谈理念的文章,不过文章没标题,只有作者的名字。

我立马在网上找出阅读。看了不到一半,这段熟悉的话就跳入眼帘。

Boas虽然没有直说,但看完文章后大概都会认识到,他所谓的the shackles that tradition has laid upon us指的就是文化。他生于1858年,一生都献给文化研究的他在1938年80岁高龄时写下的这篇文章实在是耐人寻味。

Boas在1942年,也就是生命最后一年终于同意他儿子Ernest P. Boas选编一本给普通读者看的文集。他儿子在文集Race and Democracy的前言里记录了他父亲当时说的这样一段话:

No longer can we keep the search for truth a privilege of the scientist. We must see to it that the hard task of subordinating the love of traditional lore to clear thinking be shared with us by larger and larger masses of the people. (Foreword,电子版没有页码)

Traditional lore其实指的就是文化。对传统一定要清醒地去审视。这和他那篇An Anthropologist’s Credo所表述的观点是完全一致的。

读完这篇文章最强烈的感觉是他对文化的根本性的假设提出质疑。群体是文化讨论的根本前提。群体类别、也就是文化分类是文化研究的出发点。可他却将这种人以类聚的做法视作是高级动物群体本能的发展:

a further development of the herd instinct of higher animals.(1939:22)

他尖锐地指出,将个人按生理、语言或习俗等强行进行群体归类,这是原始思维的残渣:

The habit of identifying an individual with a class, owing to his bodily appearance, language, or manners, has always seemed to me a survival of barbaric, or rather of primitive, habits of mind. (1939:24)

由于人类学的文化研究大多与族裔为目标,因此Boas特别指出这种做法的不可靠性,因为所处地理地区不同、所居社会地位不一或身体差异根本不能证明族裔之间有品质差异:

The fact that people of different regions or of different social strata who happen to differ in bodily build behave differently is no proof that these differences are an expression of racial qualities. (1939: 25)

我一直以为Benedict Anderson 是最早提出nations是想象的共同体的(Imagined Communities (1983)。读了这篇文章才知道Boas早在1938年就提出了这个观点:

At the present time the national and “racial” groups are the fictions that create most trouble in our world. (1939: 24)

当然Boas写这篇文章是想到了德国纳粹的一些主张:

The hysterical claims of the “Aryan” enthusiasts for the superiority of the “Nordics” have never had any scientific background. (1939: 24)

德国纳粹的认为“优秀”的日耳曼民族不仅来自德国北部,而且斯堪的纳维亚的(nordic)南部也是日耳曼民族的摇篮。挪威当时的人类学所提出的Nordic racial supremacy理论为纳粹提供了“学术”依据。

让他感到遗憾的是当时的学者并没有意识到这一点:

The feeling of cultural unity among people of the same language, united by a political bond, is found among the intellectuals of all nations. (1939: 25)

他应该对人类学的一些研究成果被德国纳粹所利用深感不安。他于是提出了“反文化”(这是我的感觉)的概念。他认为个体的价值高于所属群体的价值:

This leads naturally to the conclusion that the individual must be valued according to his own worth and not the worth of a class to which we assign him. (1939:24)

他强调教育的作用不是强化个体的文化归属感而是个人的自由意识:

It must be the object of education to make the individual as free as may be of the automatic adhesion to the group into which he is born or into which he is brought by social pressure. (1939:26)

当教育只在乎宣扬发展群体力量时,教育的理想就变成了空洞的符号,情感自然就会代替清醒的思考:

Where the object of education is to develop the power of a group, its ideals are held up before the young as symbols to which strong emotional value is attached and which prevent clear thinking. (1939:26)

Boas呼吁绝不应该容忍国家以文化的名义强迫个人违背自己的知性和精神原则去执行国家的指令:

It is, however, intolerable that the state should force a person to actions that are against his intellectual or spiritual principles. (1939:27)

我这点文字当然不是为了总结这篇文章的观点。我所做的选择只是为了说明这篇文章的观点在当时、甚至现在都与文化研究主流思想相悖。我猜测这大概是为什么这篇文章会有今天的冷遇。

我混囵吞读完后突然觉得,有必要推荐这篇文章,我们需要好好读读这篇文章。现在有太多学者没有意识到文化对个体自由的钳制,他们居然大肆鼓吹群体思维,力推从群体角度去看世界,通过鼓吹文化之上剥夺个体自由思想的空间。他们要求个体放弃实在的自由去服从想象或给定的文化。从表面上,他们似乎想发展文化,但如果个体不能自由思想,所有的人都成为文化传统的顺从者,文化只能逗留在划定的空间,文化还能发展吗?Boas的这段话振聋发聩:

This subjection to convention must not be mistaken for stability, for the study of every culture proves it to be the resultant of constant changes which are in part brought about by non-conformists. (1939:23)

看到那些学者顺从的模样,我觉得别说挣脱了,我们甚至都没有认识到枷锁的存在。

2026/6/27