前言
本系列专为国内非涉外律师打造，剔除国际贸易、跨境仲裁、涉外海商等冷门词汇。全部单词、例句聚焦民商事、刑事、行政办案实务，适配判决书外文引注、司法鉴定英文材料、法学论文阅读、常规法律文书场景。所有例句简洁专业、贴合庭审与办案语境，适合背诵、积累、随时复用。
第二组 诉讼主体、案件参与人（44词）
1. litigant 诉讼当事人
例句：Each litigant has the right to present evidence and defend himself.
译文：各方诉讼当事人均有权举证、自行辩护。
2. plaintiff 原告
例句：The plaintiff filed a civil lawsuit for compensation of losses.
译文：原告提起民事诉讼，主张损失赔偿。
3. defendant 被告
例句：The defendant shall submit a written defense within the time limit.
译文：被告应当在期限内提交书面答辩状。
4. claimant 申请人、主张权利人
例句：The claimant requests the court to confirm the validity of the contract.
译文：申请人请求法院确认合同效力。
5. respondent 被申请人、被上诉人
例句：The respondent failed to submit sufficient evidence to refute the claim.
译文：被申请人未提交充分证据反驳诉请。
6. third party 第三人
例句：The court decided to add the relevant third party to the litigation.
译文：法院依法追加相关第三人参与诉讼。
7. accused 刑事被告人
例句：The accused has the right to defend and appeal.
译文：刑事被告人享有辩护权与上诉权。
8. suspect 犯罪嫌疑人
例句：The public security organ shall protect the legal rights of the suspect.
译文：公安机关应当保障犯罪嫌疑人的合法权利。
9. victim 被害人、受害人
例句：The victim has the right to claim civil compensation for damages.
译文：受害人有权主张民事损害赔偿。
10. witness 证人
例句：The witness shall testify truthfully before the court.
译文：证人应当当庭如实作证。
11. expert witness 鉴定人、专家证人
例句：The expert witness issued a formal judicial appraisal opinion.
译文：专家证人出具了正式司法鉴定意见。
12. interpreter 翻译人员
例句：The court shall appoint a professional interpreter for foreign-related materials.
译文：法院应当为外文材料配备专业翻译人员。
13. judge 法官
例句：The judge shall hear the case independently in accordance with law.
译文：法官应当依法独立审理案件。
14. court 法院
例句：The court made a fair judgment based on facts and law.
译文：法院依据事实和法律作出公正判决。
15. tribunal 审判庭
例句：The civil tribunal is responsible for hearing contract dispute cases.
译文：民事审判庭负责审理合同纠纷案件。
16. jury 陪审团
例句：The jury determines the factual findings of the case.
译文：陪审团负责对案件事实作出认定。
17. prosecutor 公诉人、检察官
例句：The prosecutor presented evidence to prove the defendant’s criminal liability.
译文：公诉人当庭举证，证明被告人的刑事责任。
18. procuratorate 检察院
例句：The people’s procuratorate exercises legal supervision power.
译文：人民检察院行使法律监督权。
19. lawyer / attorney 律师
例句：The lawyer provides legal consultation and litigation agency services.
译文：律师提供法律咨询与诉讼代理服务。
20. legal counsel 法律顾问
例句：The company hires a professional legal counsel for daily risk control.
译文：该公司聘请专业法律顾问负责日常风险防控。
21. notary 公证人
例句：The notary verifies the authenticity and legality of the document.
译文：公证人核验文书的真实性与合法性。
22. notary public 公证处
例句：The parties went to the notary public for contract notarization.
译文：双方当事人前往公证处办理合同公证。
23. arbitrator 仲裁员
例句：The arbitrator shall handle disputes objectively and impartially.
译文：仲裁员应当客观、公正处理纠纷。
24. arbitration commission 仲裁委员会
例句：The arbitration commission makes a final award on labor disputes.
译文：仲裁委员会对劳动争议作出终局裁决。
25. creditor 债权人
例句：The creditor has the right to demand the debtor to perform obligations.
译文：债权人有权要求债务人履行义务。
26. debtor 债务人
例句：The debtor shall repay the due debt in full and on time.
译文：债务人应当足额、按期清偿到期债务。
27. obligee 权利人
例句：The obligee may request judicial protection for legitimate rights.
译文：权利人可就合法权益请求司法保护。
28. obligor 义务人
例句：The obligor shall bear corresponding legal liabilities for breach.
译文：义务人违约的，应当承担相应法律责任。
29. joint debtor 连带债务人
例句：All joint debtors are liable for the full repayment of the debt.
译文：全体连带债务人对债务全额承担清偿责任。
30. successor 继承人
例句：The legal successor inherits the legitimate property of the decedent.
译文：法定继承人依法继承被继承人的合法财产。
31. heir 继承人
例句：The heir may waive the right of inheritance in writing.
译文：继承人可以书面形式放弃继承权。
32. testator 遗嘱人
例句：The testator has the right to dispose of his personal property.
译文：遗嘱人有权处分自己的个人财产。
33. beneficiary 受益人
例句：The insurance beneficiary may claim compensation after the accident.
译文：保险事故发生后，受益人可申请理赔。
34. trustee 受托人
例句：The trustee shall manage the trust property in good faith.
译文：受托人应当善意管理信托财产。
35. trustor 委托人（信托）
例句：The trustor has the right to supervise the performance of the trustee.
译文：委托人有权监督受托人的履职行为。
36. shareholder 股东
例句：The shareholder enjoys the right to know and profit distribution.
译文：股东享有知情权与利润分配权。
37. partner 合伙人
例句：Each partner shall bear joint and several liability for partnership debts.
译文：各合伙人对合伙债务承担连带责任。
38. employer 用人单位、雇主
例句：The employer shall pay social insurance premiums for employees.
译文：用人单位应当为劳动者缴纳社会保险。
39. employee 劳动者、雇员
例句：The employee has the right to rest and vacation in accordance with law.
译文：劳动者依法享有休息休假权利。
40. lessor 出租人
例句：The lessor shall guarantee the normal use of the leased property.
译文：出租人应当保证租赁物正常使用。
41. lessee 承租人
例句：The lessee shall pay the rent on time as agreed.
译文：承租人应当按约定按时支付租金。
42. mortgagor 抵押人
例句：The mortgagor shall not transfer the mortgaged property without permission.
译文：抵押人不得擅自转让抵押财产。
43. mortgagee 抵押权人
例句：The mortgagee has the priority of repayment upon maturity of debt.
译文：债务到期后，抵押权人享有优先受偿权。
44. guarantor 保证人
例句：The guarantor shall assume guarantee liability when the debtor defaults.
译文：债务人违约时，保证人应当承担保证责任。
学习小贴士
1. 本组全部为办案最高频主体词汇，90%民事、刑事、仲裁、执行案件都会出现；
2. 无需默写拼写，做到看见秒懂、阅读无阻碍即可；
3. 所有例句均为司法文书标准句式，可直接借鉴用于法律英文写作、摘要翻译。
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